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<document><webSite>www.yz17.com</webSite><webMaster>qdtkd@126.com</webMaster><updatePeri>15</updatePeri>    <item>
        <title>721型可见分光光度计使用和维护中应注意事项</title>        <link>http://www.yz17.com/jishuwenzhang/8754.html</link>
        <description><![CDATA[721型可见分光光度计使用和维护中应注意事项：&nbsp;①连续使用仪器的时间不应超过2小时，最好是间歇0.5小时后，再继续使用。&nbsp;②比色皿每次使用完毕后，要用去离子水洗净并倒置晾干后，存放在比色皿盒内。在日常使用中应注]]></description>
        <text><![CDATA[<p>721型可见分光光度计使用和维护中应注意事项： <br />①连续使用仪器的时间不应超过2小时，最好是间歇0.5小时后，再继续使用。 <br />②比色皿每次使用完毕后，要用去离子水洗净并倒置晾干后，存放在比色皿盒内。在日常使用中应注意保护比色皿的透光面，使其不受损坏或产生划痕，以免影响透光率。 <br />③仪器不能受潮。在日常使用中，应经常注意单色器上的防潮硅胶(在仪器的底部)是否变色，如硅胶的颜色已变红，应立即取出烘干或更换。 <br />④在托运或移动仪器时，应注意小心轻放。</p>]]></text>
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        <pubDate>2009-11-02 13:58:38</pubDate>
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        <title>压力模块的选型方法</title>        <link>http://www.yz17.com/jishuwenzhang/8753.html</link>
        <description><![CDATA[&nbsp;&nbsp;压力模块选型方法：
◆首先用户自己要清楚确认，现有被检压力仪表中的最大压力量程Pmax、最小压力量程Pmin、被检表准确度△被检、压力模块准确△模块；
◆按标准表准确度是被检表准确度的1/4量值传递关系，来计算]]></description>
        <text><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">压力模块选型方法：</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">◆首先用户自己要清楚确认，现有被检压力仪表中的最大压力量程</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Pmax</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、最小压力量程</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Pmin</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、被检表准确度△被检、压力模块准确△模块；</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">◆按标准表准确度是被检表准确度的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1/4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">量值传递关系，来计算要选择压力模块量程覆盖到被检表量程倍数</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">n</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">＝△被检</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">/</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（△模块×</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）；</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>◆压力模块量程如下选择：</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">第一只压力模块量程</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">必选</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Pmax</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，即</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">＝</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Pmax</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。第一只压力模块</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">能够覆盖的量程是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P1/n;</font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">第二只压力模块量程</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，应选择小于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P1/n</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的下一被检表量程；第二只压力模块</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">能够覆盖到被检表的量程是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P2/n</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">；</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">第三只压力模块量程</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P3</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，应选择小于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P2/n</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的下一被检表量程；第二只压力模块</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P3</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">能够覆盖到被检表的量程是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P3/n</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">；</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">第四只压力模块量程</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，应选择小于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P3/n</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的下一被检表量程；第二只压力模块</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">能够覆盖到被检表的量程是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P4/n</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">；……</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">直到覆盖被检表最小量程</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Pmin</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">范</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">例</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">◆现有一个化工厂，该厂有以下量程的压力变送器－</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">100kPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">5kPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">10kPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">25kPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">60kPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">100kPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">160kPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1MPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2MPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">6MPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">10MPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">25MPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">30MPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">60MPa,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">该批仪表的最高准确度为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0.5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">％。首先，我们以标准度是被检表的准确度的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1/4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">进行设计，然后，从最高量程向下考虑。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>我们是这样选择如下压力模块的：</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">★第一步</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">按上述计算方法中的第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条，已知△被检＝</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0.5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">％，△模块＝</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0.05</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">％，由此，确认压力模块量程覆盖被检表量程倍数</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">n</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">n=</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">△被检（△模块×</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">=0.5%/(0.05%</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">×</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4)=2.5</font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">★第二步</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">按上述计算方法中的第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条，压力模块量程如下选择：</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">第一只压力模块量程</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">必选</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">60MPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。即</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">＝</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">60 MPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。第一只压力模块</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">能够覆盖到被检表的量程是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P1/n</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">＝</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">60 MPa /2.5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">＝</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">24MPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">；</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">第二只压力模块量程</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，应选择小于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">24 MPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P1/n</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">＝</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">60 MPa /2.5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">＝</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">24MPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）的下一被检表量程，即</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">＝</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">10 MPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">；第二只压力模块</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">能够覆盖到被检表的量程是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P2/n</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">＝</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">10 MPa /2.5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">＝</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4MPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">；</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">★第三只压力模块量程</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P3</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，应选择小于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4 MPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P2/n</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">＝</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">10MPa /2.5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">＝</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4MPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）的下一被检表量程，即</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P3</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">＝</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2MPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">；第三只压力模块</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P3</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">能够覆盖到被检表的量程是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P3/n</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">＝</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2MPa /2.5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">＝</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0.8MPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">；</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">★第四只压力模块量程</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，应选择小于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0.8 MPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P3/n</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">＝</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2 MPa /2.5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">＝</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0.8MPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）的下一被检表量程，即</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">＝</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">160 kPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">；第四只压力模块</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">能够覆盖到被检表的量程是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P4/n</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">＝</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">160 kPa /2.5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">＝</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">64kPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">；</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">★第五只压力模块量程</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，应选择小于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">64 kPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P4/n</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">＝</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">160 kPa /2.5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">＝</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">64kPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）的下一被检表量程，即</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">＝</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">60kPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">；第五只压力模块</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">能够覆盖到被检表的量程是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P5/n</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">＝</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">60 kPa /2.5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">＝</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">24kPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">；</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">★第六只压力模块量程</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P6</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，应选择小于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">24 kPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P5/n</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">＝</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">60 kPa /2.5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">＝</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">24kPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）的下一被检表量程，即</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P6</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">＝</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">10kPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">；第六只压力模块</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P6</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">能够覆盖到被检表的量程是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P6/n</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">＝</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">10 kPa /2.5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">＝</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4kPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">；</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">★第七只压力模块量程</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P7</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，最后选择为－</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">100 kPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P7</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">＝－</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">100kPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>★总结：</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">共选</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">7</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">只模块，分别为－</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">100kPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">10kPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">60kPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">160kPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2MPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">10 MPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">60MPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>◆根椐以上模块从高到低选择合适的压力源，</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一、选择</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">KY2012</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">液压源</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">～</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">60</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">MPa</font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">二、选择</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">KY2001D</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">气体压力源</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（－</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0.098</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">～</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">10</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">MPa</font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">三、选择</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">KY2001A</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">气体压力源</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（－</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">50</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">～</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">50</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">kPa </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>]]></text>
        <image><![CDATA[]]></image>
        <author><![CDATA[]]></author>
        <source><![CDATA[]]></source>
        <pubDate>2009-10-31 13:27:50</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
        <title>压力表外观检查和零位检定技术要求</title>        <link>http://www.yz17.com/jishuwenzhang/8752.html</link>
        <description><![CDATA[压力表外观检查：
（1）检查压力表的各种部件。各部件应装配牢固，没有影响计量性能的锈蚀裂纹孔洞等。
（2）检查压力表的表盘分度数值及符号，表盘分度数值及符号应完整清晰；分度标尺应均匀分布，所包的中心角为]]></description>
        <text><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">压力表外观检查：</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）检查压力表的各种部件。各部件应装配牢固，没有影响计量性能的锈蚀裂纹孔洞等。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）检查压力表的表盘分度数值及符号，表盘分度数值及符号应完整清晰；分度标尺应均匀分布，所包的中心角为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">270</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">度，标有数字的分度线宽度不超过</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1.2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">毫米。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）压力表的指针检查，指针应伸入所有分度线内，且指针指示端宽度应不大于最小分度间隔的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1/5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。指针与分度盘平面的距离在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1~3</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">毫米范围内。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）检查压力表的封印装置，封印装置应完好，在此情况下，应触及不到仪表内部机件。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">压力表零值检定：</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">压力表处于工作位置，在未加压力或升压检定前和降压检定后，其指针零值误差应符合下列要求：</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）有零值限止钉的压力表，其指针应紧靠在限止钉上，“缩格”不得超过最大允许基本误差的绝对值。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）无零值限止钉的压力表，其指针须在零值分度线宽度范围内，零值分度线宽度不得超过最大允许基本误差绝对值的两倍。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></SPAN></SPAN></p>]]></text>
        <image><![CDATA[]]></image>
        <author><![CDATA[]]></author>
        <source><![CDATA[]]></source>
        <pubDate>2009-10-31 13:27:21</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
        <title>简单的介绍力学</title>        <link>http://www.yz17.com/jishuwenzhang/8751.html</link>
        <description><![CDATA[力学计量主要包括质量、力值、扭矩、硬度、压力、真空、震动、冲击、转速、恒加速度、流量、流速、容量等计量测试。
力学计量的理论基础是牛顿力学。
&nbsp;
质量是一个基本的物理量，单位是kg。质量是物体所具有的一种]]></description>
        <text><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=3>力学计量主要包括质量、力值、扭矩、硬度、压力、真空、震动、冲击、转速、恒加速度、流量、流速、容量等计量测试。</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=3>力学计量的理论基础是牛顿力学。</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">质量是一个基本的物理量，单位是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">kg</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。质量是物体所具有的一种属性，它表征物体的惯性和它在引力场中相互作用的能力，质量是标量。质量计量的准确性不仅取决于砝码，还取决于天平。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">力是物体之间的相互作用。力的计量单位是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">N</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。测力的方法可以分为两类，即通过对质量和加速度的测量来求得力值；另一种方法是物体在受力后产生的变形量或与内部应力相应的参数的测量而求得力值。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">扭矩是力与力臂的乘积，计量单位</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">N</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">·</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">m</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。如果准确地测出力的大小及该力到力的作用点的力臂长度，便可准确地测得力矩值。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.5"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">压力是指垂直作用于单位面积上的力，单位是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Pa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。压力计量可分为静态和动态压力计量。按压力计量范围大体有微压、低压、中压、高压和超高压等。测量的具体压力又分为绝对压力、大气压力和表压力等。真空是在给定的空间内，低于标准大气压的气体状态，使用真空度来描述，单位是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Pa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。真空计量标准可以分为绝对标准和相对标准。绝对标准是真空计量的基础，实际应用是真空标准多为性能稳定的相对标准。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=3>硬度是指物体软硬的程度。硬度本身不是一个确定的物理量，而是一个于物体的弹性形变、塑性形变和破坏有关的量。硬度计量的方法很多，一般分为静载压入法和动载压入法。静载压入法有布氏法、洛氏法、表面洛氏法、维氏法和显微硬度法等。动载压入法有肖氏法等。</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.5"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">振动是用位移、速度、加速度和频率等物理量来描述。校准方法一般有绝对法和比较法。对于加速度计常要校准其灵敏度和灵敏度随频率的变化。校准装置采用高、中、低频振动标准校准装置等。冲击是激起系统瞬间扰动的力、位置、速度和加速度的突然变化，该变化的时间要小于系统的基本周期。冲击加速度的单位是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">m/s^2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。冲击的校准方法一般分为三种，绝对法、间接法和比较法。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.5"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">转速或角速度是单位时间的角位移。标准转速装置是校准和检定转速表的主要装置，由复现转速的装置和转速测量装置组成。转速的计量单位是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">r/min</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。恒加速度计量是利用标准装置校准线、角加速度计的特性。线加速度计量是利用静态</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">低频</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">加速度标准器校准加速度计的静态数学模型和低频动态特性。角加速度计量是利用角加速度标准器校准角加速度的静态数学模型和低频动态特性。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.5"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">流量是在单位时间内通过有效截面流体的体积或质量。流量计量对流体的体积流量</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">单位为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">m^3/h)</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、质量流量</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">单位为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">kg/h)</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">进行计量。流体流量的测量方法有容积法和称量法。气体流量的测量方法主要有钟罩法、活塞法和音速喷管等。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">流速是单位时间流体流动的距离，最常用的计量单位是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">m/s</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。流速的测量一般有三种基本方法，压差法、热线</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">膜</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">法和激光法。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">容量是容积内所容纳物质</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">液体、气体或固体微粒</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">体积或质量的量，又可称为体积容量或质量容量。容量的计量方法一般可分为，衡量法、直接比较法和几何测量法。</SPAN></font></p>]]></text>
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        <author><![CDATA[]]></author>
        <source><![CDATA[]]></source>
        <pubDate>2009-10-31 13:26:33</pubDate>
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        <title>关于仪表防腐知识</title>        <link>http://www.yz17.com/jishuwenzhang/8750.html</link>
        <description><![CDATA[测温仪表的保护套管可采用哪些防腐措施？需要注意哪些问题？
测温仪表的测量元件一般都是装在保护套管内，再插入工艺管道或设备内，其防腐措施主要是选用相应耐腐材料，根据介质的腐蚀性质作如下选择：
1.选用耐腐]]></description>
        <text><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=3>测温仪表的保护套管可采用哪些防腐措施？需要注意哪些问题？</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=3>测温仪表的测量元件一般都是装在保护套管内，再插入工艺管道或设备内，其防腐措施主要是选用相应耐腐材料，根据介质的腐蚀性质作如下选择：</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1.</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">选用耐腐性能好的金属或合金材料做保护套管，例如钛、钽、铝</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">钛耐酸钢、镍基合金等；</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2.</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">如果测温元件是热电偶或热电阻，采用贵金属作防腐材料，则可做成铠装式，以节约材料；</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">3.</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">当金属或合金不耐高温腐蚀介质时，可选用石英玻璃作保护套管，可耐温</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1000</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">℃以上；　　</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4.</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">也可在普通金属保护套管外面电镀、喷涂、衬胶等，温度在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">200</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">℃以下可采用涂三氟氯乙烯或聚四氟乙烯，当补涂非金属材料时，涂层不宜太厚，以免影响传热。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></font></SPAN></B></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">压力表有哪些防腐措施？</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1.</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">对一般腐蚀介质，如果不锈钢弹簧管能耐</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">～</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年的腐蚀，则可选作氨用压力表，安装时，导压管要短，缓冲盘管改用缓冲罐，以防杂质堵塞。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2.</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">如果介质对不锈钢及铜有旨腐蚀，可将缓冲罐改用隔离罐，加入耐腐蚀的隔离液。隔防液的种类可根据被测介质的性质选用，但要求使用半年以上不变质为好。若普通隔离液都不能适用时，可用氟氯油作隔离液，但价格很贵，因此隔离罐要做得小，拆装时要回收氟油重复使用。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">3.</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">可采用隔膜式压力表，目前有钼</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">钛和钽片，膜片与弹道管之间用甲基硅油传送压力，最小量程可做到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">～</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">100kPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，如果膜片材料还不耐腐，则可加一层</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">F46</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（聚全氟乙丙烯）膜片，但仪表灵敏底有所降低。也可直接用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">F46</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">作隔离膜片，但要注意介质的渗透性，传递液可选用氟油，则可起双重隔离作用。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></SPAN></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">液位传感器种类繁多，该如何选择呢？</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">首先应该考虑到测量介质（汽</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">/</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">液，混浊度，粘滞度、腐蚀性），接着是测试方式：接触</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">/</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">非接触；外部环境要求；温湿度，振动频率、耐辐射、安装方式（轴向影响）、便于安装替换</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">/</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">清洗</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">/</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">检修</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">/</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">使用寿命；输出信号，传输速率</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">/</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">距离</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">/</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">方式等，价格因素也非常重要，不仅要注意硬性成本，还要考虑到软性成本。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">氢气是不是腐蚀性介质？</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">氢气不是腐蚀性介质，但它有渗透能力，因为氢分子很小，它会进入金属的晶格里面，使金属鼓泡（称为“氢脆”）。这种现象对于较厚的金属来说，也许问题不大，但对于只有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0.1mm</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">厚的变送器膜盒中的隔离膜片来说，氢的渗透就显得十分重要。因为有的氢分子甚至会透壶金属膜片，进入填充液内部，从而使填充液中含有气体，影响仪表性能。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">解决氢渗透的办法是在金属膜片表面镀层。日本</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">xx</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">公司新推出的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">FCX-AX</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">变送器，就是在膜盒的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">SUS316L</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">隔离膜片上镀了两层镀层，先镀了一层陶瓷，然后再在陶瓷上镀黄金，目的就是抑制氢的渗透。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></SPAN></SPAN></p>]]></text>
        <image><![CDATA[]]></image>
        <author><![CDATA[]]></author>
        <source><![CDATA[]]></source>
        <pubDate>2009-10-31 13:26:08</pubDate>
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        <title>传感器市场转变特点</title>        <link>http://www.yz17.com/jishuwenzhang/8749.html</link>
        <description><![CDATA[目前，传感器市场开始转变，由传统型向新型传感器发展。传感器市场转变特点如下：
&nbsp;
1.加速形成从传感器研究开发到大生产一条龙产业化发展模式，走自主创新和国际合作相结合的跨越式发展道路，使我国尽早进入世界传]]></description>
        <text><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=3>目前，传感器市场开始转变，由传统型向新型传感器发展。传感器市场转变特点如下：</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1.</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">加速形成从传感器研究开发到大生产一条龙产业化发展模式，走自主创新和国际合作相结合的跨越式发展道路，使我国尽早进入世界传感器的主要生产国之列。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></SPAN></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2.</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">传感器产品结构向全面、协调、持续性发展。根据市场需求，既要切实加强新型传感器的开发，又要做好传统传感器的质量升级和产量增长</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">产品品种向投资类倾斜，尤其是填补“空白”的品种，从而使传感器各门类和品种比例适当，形成一种“新旧交替、远近结合、品种齐全、满足需求”的新的产品结构。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></SPAN></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">3.</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">企业生产（年生产能力）向规模经济或适宜规模经济发展。大生产技术的实践表明：规模经济出效益。考虑到今后先进生产技术的使用和市场的扩大，量大面广的通用传感器的生产规模将以年产亿只计，一些中档传感器的生产规模将以年产</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1000</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">万只计</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">而一些高档传感器和专用传感器的生产规模将以年产几十至几百万只计。实现规模经济生产后，可最大限度地降低生产成本，从而实现廉价传感器的商品化。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></SPAN></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4.</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">生产格局向专业化发展，专业化生产的内涵为：生产传感器门类少而精</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">专门生产某一应用领域需要的某一类传感器系列产品以获得较高的市场占有率</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">各传感器企业的专业化合作生产，能有效地避免企业内部的“大而全”，提高经济效益。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></SPAN></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">5.</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">传感器大生产技术向自动化方向发展。传感器的门类、品种繁多，所用的敏感材料各异，决定了传感器制造技术的多样性和复杂性。纵观当前传感器工艺线（含各类传感器引进线）的概况，生产技术水平不一，多数工艺已实现单机自动化，但距离生产过程自动化尚存在诸多困难，其中封装工艺和测试标定（两者的费用约占产品成本的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">30%</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">～</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">50%</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）是传感器自动化大生产的关键技术，有待今后广泛采用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">CAD</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（计算机辅助设计）、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">CAM</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（计算机辅助制造）及先进的自动化装备和工业机器人进行突破。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></SPAN></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">6.</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">企业的重点技术改造应加强从依赖引进技术向引进技术的消化吸收与自主创新的方向转移。自主创新应视为企业的立足之本。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></SPAN></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">7.</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">企业经营要加快从以国内市场为主向国内与国外两个市场相结合的国际化方向发展。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></SPAN></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">8.</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">企业结构将向“大、中、小并举”、“集团化、专业化生产共存”的格局发展。集团化大公司（含在境外的跨国集团公司）将越来越显示出它的垄断作用，而专业化生产的中、小企业因其能适应市场小量产品的需求，仍有其生存、发展的空间</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></SPAN></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>]]></text>
        <image><![CDATA[]]></image>
        <author><![CDATA[]]></author>
        <source><![CDATA[]]></source>
        <pubDate>2009-10-31 13:25:39</pubDate>
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        <title>智能压力校验仪常见故障诊断</title>        <link>http://www.yz17.com/jishuwenzhang/8748.html</link>
        <description><![CDATA[一.液压压力不稳或不能正常造压
原因：
1.油箱油量不足。
2.运输时管路接头处损坏有泄漏。
3.快速接头“○”型圈密封损坏。
4.系统内空气多或未排干净。
处理方法：
1.松开油箱帽或给油箱加油。
2.拧紧管路接]]></description>
        <text><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">液压压力不稳或不能正常造压</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=3>原因：</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1.</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">油箱油量不足。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2.</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">运输时管路接头处损坏有泄漏。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">3.</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">快速接头“○”型圈密封损坏。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4.</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">系统内空气多或未排干净。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=3>处理方法：</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1.</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">松开油箱帽或给油箱加油。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2.</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">拧紧管路接头。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">3.</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">更换“○”型圈。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4.</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">反复抽动充油泵使系统内空气随油箱排出。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=3>处理方法：应根据当地实际大气压判断仪器是否正常气压打不上压，造压泵有空压的感觉。</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></SPAN></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">二</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">负压达不到标准</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=3>原因：</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1.</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">换向阀换向不到位，产生漏气现象。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2.</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">正压单向阀或负压单向阀运动之后没有复位，造成空压现象。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=3>处理方法：</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1.</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">换向阀一定要换向到位，换向阀杆不能半空悬浮。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2.</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">检查正压、负压单向阀座孔是否没有达到要求。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">3.</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">弹簧倾斜严重，单向阀芯不能滑动自如。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>]]></text>
        <image><![CDATA[]]></image>
        <author><![CDATA[]]></author>
        <source><![CDATA[]]></source>
        <pubDate>2009-10-31 13:24:36</pubDate>
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        <title>温度计与气象</title>        <link>http://www.yz17.com/jishuwenzhang/8747.html</link>
        <description><![CDATA[温度计是一种运用不同原理来测量物体温度或者温度梯度(Temperature&nbsp;Gradient)的仪器。温度计有各式各样的类型，而其中被使用为医疗目的的温度计是较为人熟悉的。　　温度计的类型&nbsp;
　　温度计运利用一系列的物理反应]]></description>
        <text><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.5"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">温度计是一种运用不同原理来测量物体温度或者温度梯度</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">(Temperature Gradient)</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的仪器。温度计有各式各样的类型，而其中被使用为医疗目的的温度计是较为人熟悉的。　　温度计的类型</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=3>　　温度计运利用一系列的物理反应去测量温度的。而多数的温度计最初是被校准到恒定容量的气体温度计。常见的温度计种类有：水银温度计、双金属棒状温度计、电阻温度计、伽利略温度计、红外线温度计、最高最低温度计等。</font></SPAN></p>]]></text>
        <image><![CDATA[]]></image>
        <author><![CDATA[]]></author>
        <source><![CDATA[]]></source>
        <pubDate>2009-10-31 13:23:39</pubDate>
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        <title>为什么一般的变送器信号是4到20毫安</title>        <link>http://www.yz17.com/jishuwenzhang/8746.html</link>
        <description><![CDATA[工业上普遍需要测量各类非电物理量，例如温度、压力、速度、角度等，都需要转换成模拟量电信号才能传输到几百米外的控制室或显示设备上。这种将物理量转换成电信号的设备称为变送器。工业上最广泛采用的是用4~20mA电]]></description>
        <text><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.5"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">工业上普遍需要测量各类非电物理量，例如温度、压力、速度、角度等，都需要转换成模拟量电信号才能传输到几百米外的控制室或显示设备上。这种将物理量转换成电信号的设备称为变送器。工业上最广泛采用的是用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4~20mA</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">电流来传输模拟量。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">采用电流信号的原因是不容易受干扰。并且电流源内阻无穷大，导线电阻串联在回路中不影响精度，在普通双绞线上可以传输数百米。上限取</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">20mA</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">是因为防爆的要求：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">20mA</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的电流通断引起的火花能量不足以引燃瓦斯。下限没有取</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0mA</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的原因是为了能检测断线：正常工作时不会低于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4mA</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，当传输线因故障断路，环路电流降为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。常取</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2mA</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">作为断线报警值。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1.</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">电流型变送器将物理量转换成</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4~20mA</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">电流输出，必然要有外电源为其供电。最典型的是变送器需要两根电源线，加上两根电流输出线，总共要接</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">根线，称之为四线制变送器。当然，电流输出可以与电源公用一根线（公用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">VCC</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">或者</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">GND</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">），可节省一根线，称之为三线制变送器。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">其实大家可能注意到，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> 4-20mA</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">电流本身就可以为变送器供电，如图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1C</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">所示。变送器在电路中相当于一个特殊的负载，特殊之处在于变送器的耗电电流在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4~20mA</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">之间根据传感器输出而变化。显示仪表只需要串在电路中即可。这种变送器只需外接</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">根线，因而被称为两线制变送器。工业电流环标准下限为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4mA</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，因此只要在量程范围内，变送器至少有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4mA</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">供电。这使得两线制传感器的设计成为可能。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在工业应用中，测量点一般在现场，而显示设备或者控制设备一般都在控制室或控制柜上。两者之间距离可能数十至数百米。按一百米距离计算，省去</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">根导线意味着成本降低近百元！因此在应用中两线制传感器必然是首选。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2.</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">两线制变送器的结构与原理</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">两线制变送器的原理是利用了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4~20mA</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">信号为自身提供电能。如果变送器自身耗电大于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4mA</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，那么将不可能输出下限</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4mA</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">值。因此一般要求两线制变送器自身耗电（包括传感器在内的全部电路）不大于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">3.5mA</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。这是两线制变送器的设计根本原则之一。从整体结构上来看，两线制变送器由三大部分组成：传感器、调理电路、两线制</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">V/I</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">变换器构成。传感器将温度、压力等物理量转化为电参量，调理电路将传感器输出的微弱或非线性的电信号进行放大、调理、转化为线性的电压输出。两线制</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">V/I</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">变换电路根据信号调理电路的输出控制总体耗电电流；同时从环路上获得电压并稳压，供调理电路和传感器使用。除了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">V/I</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">变换电路之外，电路中每个部分都有其自身的耗电电流，两线制变送器的核心设计思想是将所有的电流都包括在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">V/I</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">变换的反馈环路内。如图，采样电阻</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Rs</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">串联在电路的低端，所有的电流都将通过</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Rs</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">流回到电源负极。从</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Rs</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">上取到的反馈信号，包含了所有电路的耗电。在两线制变送器中，所有的电路总功耗不能大于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">3.5mA</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，因此电路的低功耗成为主要的设计难点。下面将逐一分析各个部分电路的原理与设计要点。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">3.</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">两线制</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">V/I</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">变换器</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> V/I </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">变换器是一种可以用电压信号控制输出电流的电路。两线制</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">V/I</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">变换器与一般</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">V/I</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">变换电路不同点在：电压信号不是直接控制输出电流，而是控制整个电路自身耗电电流。同时，还要从电流环路上提取稳定的电压为调理电路和传感器供电。附图是两线制</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">V/I</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">变换电路的基本原理图：图中</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">OP1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Q1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">R1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">R2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Rs</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">构成了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">V/I</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">变换器。分析负反馈过程：若</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">A</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">点因为某种原因高于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0V</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，则运放</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">OP1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">输出升高，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Re</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">两端电压升高，通过</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Re</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的电流变大。相当于整体耗电变大，通过采样电阻</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Rs</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的电流也变大，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">B</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">点电压变低（负更多）。结果是通过</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">R2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">将</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">A</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">点电压拉下来。反之，若</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">A</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">点因某种原因低于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0V</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，也会被负反馈抬高回</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0V</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。总之，负反馈的结果是运放</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">OP1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">虚短，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">A</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">点电压＝</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0V</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。下面分析</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Vo</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">对总耗电的控制原理：假设调理电路输出电压为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Vo</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，则流过</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">R1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的电流</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> I1=Vo/R1 </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">运放输入端不可能吸收电流，则</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">I1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">全部流过</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">R2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，那么</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">B</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">点电压</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> VB= -I1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">＊</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">R2 = -Vo</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">＊</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">R2/R1 </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">取</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">R1=R2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">时，有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">VB=-Vo </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">电源负和整个便送器电路之间只有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Rs</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">R2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">两个电阻，因此所有的电流都流过</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Rs</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">R2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">R2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">上端是虚地（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0V</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">），</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Rs</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">上端是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">GND</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。因此</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">R2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Rs</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">两端电压完全一样</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">都等于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">VB </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。相当于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Rs</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">与</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> R2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">并联作为电流采样电阻。因此电路总电流：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> Is=Vo/(Rs//R2) </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">如果取</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">R2>>Rs</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Is=Vo/Rs </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">因此，图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中取</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Rs=100</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">欧，当调理电路输出</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0.4~2V</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的时候，总耗电电流</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4~20mA. </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">若不能满足</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">R2>>Rs</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">也没关系，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Rs</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">与</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> R2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">并联（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Rs//R2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）是个固定值，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Is</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">与</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Vo</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">仍然是线性关系，误差比例系数在校准时可以消除。</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">除了电路正确以外，该电路正常工作还需要</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">个条件：首先要自身耗电尽量小，省下的电流还要供给调理电路以及变送器。其次要求运放能够单电源工作，即在没有负电源情况下，输入端仍能够接受</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0V</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">输入，并能正常工作。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> LM358/324</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">是最常见也是价格最低的单电源运放，耗电</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">400uA/</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">每运放，基本可以接受。单电源供电时，输入端从</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">-0.3V~Vcc-1.5V</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">范围内都能正常工作。如果换成</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">OP07</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">等精密放大器，因为输入不允许低至</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0V</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，在该电路中反而无法工作。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> R5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">U1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">构成基准源，产生</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2.5V</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">稳定的基准电压。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">LM385</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">是低成本的微功耗基准，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">20uA</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">以上即可工作，手册上给出的曲线在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">100uA</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">附近最平坦，所以通过</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">R5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">控制电流</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">100uA</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">左右。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">OP2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">构成一个同向放大器，将基准放大，向调理电路及传感器供电。因为宽输入电压、低功耗的稳压器稀少，成本高；将基准放大作为稳压电源是一个廉价的方案。该部分电路也可以选择现成的集成电路。比如</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">XTR115/116/105</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">等，精度和稳定性比自制的好，自身功耗也更低（意味着能留更多电流给调理电路，调理部分更容易设计）。但成本比上述方案高</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">10</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">倍以上</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">. </font></SPAN></font></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4.</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">两线制压力变送器设计</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">压力桥、称重传感器输出信号微弱，都属于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">mV</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">级信号。这一类小信号一般都要求用差动放大器对其进行第一级放大。一般选用低失调、低温飘的差动放大器。另外在两线制应用中，低功耗也是必需的。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">AD623</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">是常用的低功耗精密差动放大器，常用在差分输出前级的放大。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> AD623</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">失调最大</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">200uV</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，温飘</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1uV/</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">度，在一般压力变送应用保证了精度足够。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> R0</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">将</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0.4V</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">叠加在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">AD623</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">REF</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">脚（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">脚）上，在压力</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">=0</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">情况下通过调整</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">R0</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">使输出</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4mA</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，再调整</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">RG</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">输出</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">20.00mA</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，完成校准。电路设计时需注意，压力桥传感器相当于一个千欧级的电阻，耗电一般比较大。适当降低压力桥的激励电压可以减小耗电电流。但是输出幅度也随之下降，需要提高</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">AD623</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的增益。图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">6</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">给出的传感器采用恒压供电，实际应用中大部分半导体压力传感器需要恒流供电才能获得较好的温度特性，可以用一个运放构成恒流源为其提供激励。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">5.</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">稳定性和安全性的考虑</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">工业环境下环境恶劣且对可靠性要求高，因此两线制变送器的设计上需要考虑一定的保护和增强稳定性措施。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> 1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．电源保护。</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">电源接反、超压、浪涌是工业上常见的电源问题。电源接反是设备安装接线时最容易发生的错误，输入口串一只二极管即可防止接反电源时损坏电路。如果输入端加一个全桥整流器，那么即使电源接反仍能正常工作。为防止雷击、静电放电、浪涌等能量损坏变送器，变送器入口处可以加装一只</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">TVS</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">管来吸收瞬间过压的能量。一般</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">TVS</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">电压值取比运放极限电压略低，才能起到保护作用。如果可能遭受雷击，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">TVS</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">可能吸收容量不够，压敏电阻也是必需的，但是压敏电阻本身漏电会带来一定误差。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> 2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．过流保护。</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">设备运行过程中可能有传感器断线、短路等错误情况发生。或者输入量本身很有可能超量程，变送器必须保证任何情况下输出不会无限制上升，否则有可能损坏变送器本身、电源、或者远方显示仪表。图中</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Rb</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Z1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">构成了过流保护电路。无论什么原因导致</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">OP1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">输出大于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">6.2V</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1N4735</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">6.2V</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">稳压管），都会被</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Z1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">钳位，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Q1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的基极不可能高于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">6.2V</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。因此</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Re</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">上电压不可能高于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">6.2-0.6=5.6V</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，因此总电流不会大于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Ue/Re = 5.6V/200=28mA</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> 3</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．宽电压适应能力。</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一般两线制变送器都能适应大范围的电压变化而不影响精度。这样可以适用各类电源，同时能够适应大的负载电阻。对电源最敏感的部分是基准源，同时基准源也是决定精度的主要元件。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">楼图中基准通过</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">R5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">限流，当电源电压变化时，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">R5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">上电流也随之改变，对基准稳定性影响很大。附图中利用恒流源</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">LM334</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">为基准供电，电压大范围变化时，电流基本不变，保证了基准的稳定性。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> 4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．退藕电容</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一般的电路设计中，每个集成电路的电源端都会有退藕电容。在两线制变送器上电时，这些电容的充电会在瞬间导致大电流，有可能会损坏远方仪表。因此每个退藕电容一般不超过</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">10nF</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，总退藕电容不宜超过</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">50nF</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。入口处一个</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">10nF</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">电容是必需的，保证长线感性负载下，电路不震荡。</SPAN></font></p>
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        <pubDate>2009-10-31 13:22:51</pubDate>
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        <title>巴类流量计的介绍</title>        <link>http://www.yz17.com/jishuwenzhang/8745.html</link>
        <description><![CDATA[在工业过程测量行业，流量计是一种很重要的测量元件，它与温度，压力和物位仪表共同构成了四大热控测量仪表。按照工作原理的不同，流量计可以分为质量流量计，电磁，涡街，超声，热式，差压，转子和涡轮等体积式流量]]></description>
        <text><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在工业过程测量行业，流量计是一种很重要的测量元件，它与温度，压力和物位仪表共同构成了四大热控测量仪表。按照工作原理的不同，流量计可以分为质量流量计，电磁，涡街，超声，热式，差压，转子和涡轮等体积式流量计。在差压流量计中，包括了孔板，喷嘴，文丘里，内锥，巴类（均速管）等流量计，它们有一个共同特点，那就是通过测量管道内流体上下游的差压值，然后通过差压和流速的关系来计算管道流体的体积流量，当然它必须借助于差压变送器来实现</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4-20mA</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">信号输出。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在差压式流量计中，巴类（均速管）是近年比较流行的产品，特别是进口阿牛巴（阿纽巴），德尔塔巴，威力巴和依特巴，因为它们有着压损低，安装方便，重复性好等特点，特别是在大管径测量方面，有很大的优越性。</SPAN></font></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">目前国内很多用户，包括很多专业人士，对阿牛巴，威力巴，依特巴和德尔塔巴产品没有一个清晰地认识，甚至认为所有的巴类产品都叫阿牛巴或威力巴，其实这是一个很大的误解。巴类流量计是基于皮托管测速原理发展起来的，最早由美国</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">DIETERICH</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">公司在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1968</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年制造出来，第一套用在美国芝加哥机场。为了便于销售，他们把该产品注册为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">ANNUBAR</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（阿牛巴或阿扭巴），后来</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">DIETERICH</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">公司被</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">ROSEMOUNT</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">收购，当该产品在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">80</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年代进入中国后，受到用户的喜爱，国内也有很多工厂开始仿造，也自称阿牛巴，实际上只能叫皮托管或均速管，因为阿牛巴是人家的注册商标。在这期间，大概在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">80</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年代末期和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">90</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年代初期，国外一些早期接触过</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">ANNUBAR</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">产品的公司通过学习和改进，推出了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">ITABAR</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（依特巴），</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">VERABAR</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（威力巴），</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">TORBAR</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（拖巴）</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">DELTABAR</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（德尔塔巴）等等。</SPAN></font></p>]]></text>
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        <pubDate>2009-10-31 13:22:05</pubDate>
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        <title>怎样保存电极？</title>        <link>http://www.yz17.com/jishuwenzhang/8744.html</link>
        <description><![CDATA[怎样保存电极？
答：要保存一支复合电极，理想的情形是电极处于平衡状态。主要是指电极的参比部分，其经常发生电解质的流动。多数情况下，最佳的介质是电极参比系统所用的电解质，因为这样能保证液络部没有电解质流]]></description>
        <text><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=3>怎样保存电极？</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">答：要保存一支复合电极，理想的情形是电极处于平衡状态。主要是指电极的参比部分，其经常发生电解质的流动。多数情况下，最佳的介质是电极参比系统所用的电解质，因为这样能保证液络部没有电解质流动。对于半电池电极，有三种主要类型：第一种自然是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">pH</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">半电池，其最佳的保存介质是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">pH7</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">缓冲液。第二种常用的半电池则是离子选择性电极（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">ISE</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）。短期保存时使用被测离子的稀释溶液（</SPAN><?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" TCSC="0" NumberType="1" Negative="False" HasSpace="False" SourceValue=".001" UnitName="m"><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0.001M</font></SPAN></st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）能保证电极始终处于备用状态；长期保存时，大多数</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">ISE</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">则干藏。第三种半电池是双液络部（或单液络部）参比电极。如果短期的话，这种电极应保存在盐桥电解质中，如长期则须清空并干藏。</SPAN></font></p>]]></text>
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        <pubDate>2009-10-26 17:19:16</pubDate>
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        <title>电子设备更接近人类--五感传感器</title>        <link>http://www.yz17.com/jishuwenzhang/8743.html</link>
        <description><![CDATA[不久的将来，设备不光只等待人的输入，而且可以自动察觉人的喜怒哀乐等情绪，并根据该情绪来猜测人类的行为，并提出相应建议。由早稻田大学创造理工学院综合机械工科WABOT-HOUSE&nbsp;研究所教授菅野重树领导的研发小组开]]></description>
        <text><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">不久的将来，设备不光只等待人的输入，而且可以自动察觉人的喜怒哀乐等情绪，并根据该情绪来猜测人类的行为，并提出相应建议。由早稻田大学创造理工学院综合机械工科</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">WABOT-HOUSE </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">研究所教授菅野重树领导的研发小组开发的看护机器人</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">TWENDYONE </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">就力图通过识别、猜测人类的感情而执行相应的动作。丰田汽车也于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2008 </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1 </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月发表声明说已经开发了可以检测驾驶员眼睛开闭情况的系统，用来防止事故发生。假如此类功能进一步完善，那么对于人来说，家电、汽车都可以让人感觉是具有特殊功能的宠物。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　五感传感器应用的扩展将打破人与电子设备之间的壁垒。实际上，将上述传感器用于人类，令一部门生物功能“机械化（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">cyborg</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）”的研究也正在进行。相反，将五感传感器嵌入设备内，使设备更像人类的研究，也可被称为“逆机械化”。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">家电将成为宠物</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　第三个应用就是通过传感器让设备具有专业人士的技能。五感传感器可以将捏寿司的力度大小、香水调香师的嗅觉、美食家的味觉等感觉信息数值化，并用于开发产品。在汽车行业，已经开始采用支持超高帧速率的摄像头来进行冲突测试分析，还开发了嵌入压力传感器的轮胎，通过传感器将螺钉最合适的松紧度进行数值化的技术也正在开发中。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　最近，嗅觉传感器也正在进行新的开发，据说新技术可以取代缉毒犬来检测毒品，或者识别人是否患有疾病。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　东京大学大学院信息理工系研究科智能机械信息学专业教授广濑通孝一直从事虚拟现实技术的研究，他以为有可能研发出高机能的眼镜，可看到人类看不到的紫外线与红外线，而且还能够清晰地看见月球表面。甚至还有可能研发出取代导盲犬的机器，给残障人士带来极大的利便。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">此外，传感器在很多方面比人类的感觉更敏捷，因此，功能超强的传感器可用于辅助残障人士或强化设备的功能。而且，它不仅可用于制作眼镜与助听器，甚至可以使人具有更好的线人功能。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">3 </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">五感传感器的三大应用</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　假如五感传感器技术进一步进化，其应用将扩大到以下三个领域（见图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）。首先是采用五感传感器的用户界面。家电与汽车将可以通过传感器天然地接收人类所发出的信息，大大进步设备的易用性。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">取代导盲犬与缉毒犬</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　最先实用化的有可能是嵌入味觉传感器的电饭煲，可以通过传感器知道米饭在什么时候是最好吃的。另外，可以自动加入材料或调味料进行调味的自动烹调器也将不再是梦想。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　到目前为止，五感传感器中的嗅觉与味觉不管是在技术层面仍是实用层面都属于进展较缓慢的。不外，这方面也将会发生较大变革。目前正在研发的传感器甚至可以检测人无法感觉到的气体，而且也在进行小型化的研究，将来预备集成得手机终端上。此外，目前正在进行研究的还包括可直接再现人类嗅觉、味觉的技术，以及将所收集的气息、香味进行数值化的技术。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">通过调味器调整味道</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　听觉传感器方面，各公司也在研发硅麦克风。此类麦克风由</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">MEMS</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">工艺制造，已经开始嵌入得手机外壳内。将硅麦克风像感光元件那样以格状排列，就可以达到声音的空间分散。以此为基础，业内还研发了更新的技术，即使有多人同时讲话，也可以识别说话的人，还可以只提掏出某个人所说的话。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　业界在进步传感器元件集成度的同时，也在开发面向大面积应用的传感器。夏普与索尼等公司就已经将液晶屏幕的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">TFT</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">与光学触摸传感器元件成对集成到玻璃面板上。索尼的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">3.5 </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">英寸液晶屏内集成了触摸传感器，比以往产品薄</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1mm</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，仅</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1.5mm</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">厚。在微软面向宾馆、餐厅等推出的新款平面电脑</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">MicrosoftSurface</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">30</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">英寸的显示屏内也集成了触摸传感器。嵌入触摸传感器的不光是显示屏，还可包括设备的外壳。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">集成化与大面积化</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>（二）：改变糊口</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>　　五感传感器中的视觉与听觉传感器也在迅速实用化。不仅能够简朴地记实影像、声音，在某种意义上，还可以提掏出情感与表情信息。这与其说是传感器元件的提高，实际上不如说是处理传感器元件检测信息的信息处理技术的提高。东京大学历本教授以为：“在开车时，司机与副驾驶席上的人交谈时，不大会引发事故。而通过手机通话时，因为司机不知道通话对方的情况，所以引发事故的概率较高，即使使用免提通话，事故也在所难免。假如在手机通话时不仅可以识别声音，还可以知道对方的情绪，了解对方正在笑、气愤或是很紧张，那么就有可能降低事故发生的概率。”</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　以往的传感器通常是用于检测单一信息的产品。例如，采用红外感应的红别传感器只使用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1 </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">位信息来表示人是否在某个地方。但最近，通过类似于模拟信息的多位信息，新的传感器可以具体了解人的详细状态。例如，游戏机上可以直接使用传感器所测得的模拟信息，此外还泛起了通过非接触式用户界面来检测人接近状态的静电容量传感器。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">其中一个变化就是可以检测多样化的信息。例如，目前的触摸式传感器只能检测手指与触控笔的位置，而且大多只能检测</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">点。而最近已有可检测多点的用户界面上市，而且有的界面还可以检测力与压力，可以知道用户的按键强度，甚至还有能支持弯曲表面的用户界面。厂商们也在灵活运用此类界面，好比开发通过握手来了解对方情绪的机器人或汽车。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2 </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">新的五感传感器系统</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　集成直观用户界面的产品获得了巨大成功，也迅速推动了五感传感器在应用方面的研发工作。传感器系统通常包括传感器元件、相关布线、信息加工处理系统、信息识别系统，以及根据信息作出反应的驱动设备等，其中传感器元件、信息处理和识别系统都推出了特别提高前辈的技术（见图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">从</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">位到多位</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　山崎教授评论说：“目前的电子产品都要由人来配合机械，所以需要一定的相关技能。假如能将五感传感器作为输入系统，那么就可以让机械来配合人。更提高前辈的是可以直接感应人脑的流动。假如真能达到那种程度，设备与人之间就可以实现情感的分享和动作的配合等。”</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">集成在上述产品上的五感传感器仍旧处于低级水平，但其今后的发展将很有可能会改变电子设备与人类之间的关系。东京大学名誉教授山崎弘郎长年从事传感器研究，他以为五感传感器的发展将会改变人与设备的关系。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>改变人与设备的关系　</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">表</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1 </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">五感传感器</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　要想开发出新型的用户界面，让人们可以更直接地与电子设备进行互动，其中最重要的就是传感器，特别是对应人类视觉、听觉、触觉、味觉和嗅觉的五感传感器（见表</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）。要使用户界面更人道化，条件前提就是电子设备必需具有类似于人类感觉器官的传感器。实际上，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">iPhone</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的用户界面就采用了相称于触觉器官的触觉传感器。索尼等公司也开始在相机及手机上采用“微笑快门”，用于检测镜头里的人物面部信息，当识别出笑容时就自动按下快门。任天堂的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Wii</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">所采用的“</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Wii Fit</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">平衡板”中则使用了压力传感器，站在板上的人可通过动作对其进行控制。压力传感器也可以感知一部门触觉。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">历本教授同时还以为：“鼠标发明于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1964</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年，最初就像一块四方的石头。当时人们以为鼠标只是用于输入逻辑命令，与电脑之间无需情感交流，因此鼠标也不必具有人类的情感。但是，人手长短常灵活的，哪怕是握手这么简朴的一个动作，也可以通过力度强弱等与对方进行交流。因此，未来的电子设备将会十分正视与用户的情感交流，采用更人道化的用户界面。”</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1 </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">用户界面从按键进化为五感传感器</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">　　历本教授以为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">iPhone </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的上市将带动今后用户界面的多样化发展。未来设备的用户界面将逼真到让人觉得设备就像在跟人打交道，甚至可以通过握手来交流感情（</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">iPhone </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">与</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Wii </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的广受欢迎并不是奇迹，而是必定结果。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">通过五感传感器传递情感</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">东京大学研究院情报学专业教授历本纯一表示：“</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">iPhone </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">与</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Wii </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的上市完全颠覆了以往的鼠标操纵方式。”历本教授同时也是索尼计算机科学研究所（索尼</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> CSL</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">交互实验室的主任，他从上世纪九十年低后期就开始在索尼</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">CSL</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">研究被称为多触点式的用户界面（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">UI</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">），这是类似于苹果公司</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2007</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年推出的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">iPhone</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中采用的用户界面。固然索尼很早就开始了此方面的研究，但因为当时的界面还处于鼠标时代，因此索尼公司以为多触点技术间隔实用还言之尚早。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>五感传感器令电子设备更接近人类</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>]]></text>
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        <author><![CDATA[]]></author>
        <source><![CDATA[]]></source>
        <pubDate>2009-10-21 17:49:29</pubDate>
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    <item>
        <title>安装超声波物位计需要注意的10个事项</title>        <link>http://www.yz17.com/jishuwenzhang/8742.html</link>
        <description><![CDATA[&nbsp;超声波物位计的基本要求是什么？&nbsp;
⊕换能器发射超声波脉冲时，都有一定的发射开角。从换能器下缘到被测介质表面之间，由发射的超声波波束所辐射的区域内，不得有障碍物，因些安装时应尽可能避开罐内设施，如：人梯]]></description>
        <text><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">超声波物位计的基本要求是什么？</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></font></SPAN></B></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⊕换能器发射超声波脉冲时，都有一定的发射开角。从换能器下缘到被测介质表面之间，由发射的超声波波束所辐射的区域内，不得有障碍物，因些安装时应尽可能避开罐内设施，如：人梯、限位开关、加热设备、支架等。在无法避开的情况下，调试时须进行“虚假回波学习”。另外须注意超声波波束不得与加料料流相交。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">安装位置有和要求？</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></font></SPAN></B></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⊕在安装</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">GU601</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">GU602</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的时候，注意仪表和容器壁至少保持</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">200mm</font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在安装</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">GU603</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的时候，注意仪表和容器壁至少保持</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">500mm</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的距离</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">对于锥形容器，且为平面罐顶，仪表的最佳安装位置是容器顶部中央，这样可以保证测量到容器底部</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">安装仪表时要注意什么？</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></font></SPAN></B></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⊕最高料位不得进入测量肓区；仪表距罐壁必须保持一定的距离；仪表的安装尽可能使换能器的发射方向与液面垂直。安装在防爆区域内的仪表必须遵守国家防爆危险区的安装规定。本安型的外壳采用塑料电镀。本安型仪表可安装在有防爆要求的场合，仪表必须接大地。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">超声波物位计安装方式都要注意些什么？</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></font></SPAN></B></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⊕吊架式安装（只适用于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">GU603</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）、防潮、容器接管、搅拌、泡沫、气流（更加详细的信息请参考说明书）</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></B></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">供电电压是多少？</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></font></SPAN></B></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⊕</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">24V DC</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">±</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">10% </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">容器的接管有和要求？</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 15pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></font></SPAN></B></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⊕容器接管的长度：必须保证探头伸出接管至少</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">10mm</font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在介质的反射特性好的情况下，容器接管直径较大时，接管长度可略长于换能器。右边表格列出对应不同直径接管的长度推荐值。在这种情况下，接管末端必须平滑，没有毛刺，尽可能将接管末端磨圆。另外，必须进行“虚假回波学习”。在介质的反射特性不好的情况下，安装方式可提高仪表安装位置，接管安装应配导波管</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">选装件</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，以减小接管对测量的影响。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">为何有的环境要使用导波管安装？</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></font></SPAN></B></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=3>⊕使用导波管安装（导波管或旁通管），可以避免容器内障碍物、泡沫和空气涡流对测量的影响。</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">通空气孔直径</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">5...10mm </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">连接电缆的安装有和要求？</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></font></SPAN></B></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⊕一般介绍</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">供电电缆可使用普通</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">芯电缆，电缆外径为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">…</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">9mm</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，以确保电缆入口的密封。如果存在电磁干扰，建议使用屏蔽电缆。屏蔽电缆两端均应接地，在传感器内部</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，屏蔽必须直接连接内部接地端子。外壳上的外部接地端子必须连接大地。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⊕电缆的屏蔽和接线</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">如果有接地电流，屏蔽电缆远离仪表一侧的屏蔽端必须通过一个陶瓷电容（比如：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">μ</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">F 1500V</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）接地，以抑制低频接地电流，同时仍可以防止高频干扰信号。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">超声波物位计防爆等级？</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⊕本产品的防爆形式为本质安全型。防爆标志：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Exia IIB T5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN></font></p>]]></text>
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        <pubDate>2009-10-21 17:47:56</pubDate>
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        <title>怎样使用麦式真空计</title>        <link>http://www.yz17.com/jishuwenzhang/8741.html</link>
        <description><![CDATA[
高精度直立式麦氏真空计（简称麦氏真空计）是本公司最新研制发明的专利产品,它是用来替代传统的ＰＭ－４型转动式麦氏真空表的最佳产品，其特殊的结构和精美的造型,铸就了每一台真空计的卓越品质,因该产品能够根据不]]></description>
        <text><![CDATA[<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.5"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">高精度直立式麦氏真空计（简称麦氏真空计）是本公司最新研制发明的专利产品</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">它是用来替代传统的ＰＭ－４型转动式麦氏真空表的最佳产品，其特殊的结构和精美的造型</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">铸就了每一台真空计的卓越品质</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">因该产品能够根据不同内直径的测量管大，在组装时能将其压缩球容积进行大小控制，所以具有很高的精度，再加上其舍去了以往的繁锁玻璃管结构，改用金属结构制作</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">使用寿命也得到了提高。该种真空计不象电子式的真空计</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">它能适应相对恶劣的测量环境，如水蒸气、油蒸气，以及化工、医药方面的化学性气体等，对环境的干扰和限制比较少。目前，该产品的两种款式已向中国专利局申请了新型实用专利</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">, </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中国专利号</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">: ZL02265560.3</font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">产品特点</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">:</font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1.</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">舍去了繁琐的玻璃管焊接结构，改用优质金属体连接结构，使用寿命得到了延长。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2.</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">将定量的玻璃球泡，改变成可变量的金属球泡，能根据不同内径的玻璃测量管，配置出容积相配对的金属球泡来，从而提高了产品的测量精确度。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">3.</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">整个真空计可直接固定到真空系统上，也可直接用金属管道相互焊接，减少因使用橡胶排气管连接而出现的漏气可能。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4.</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">与转动式麦氏真空计相比，维修简便。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=3>使用方法：</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">１</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在开箱安装之前，请勿随意旋转底部的手轮或揿压杠杆，以免造成水银的流出，请始终保持直立的姿势。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">２</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">采用支撑式或杠杆式的真空计，请将三根支撑杆拧上，选择一个合适的台面，按置真空计，若是采用挂壁式的必须用罗栓作固定，安装时必须保持真空计与水平面的垂直度。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">３</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">对于挂壁式真空计</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">由于其整机在固定后不能晃动造成压缩腔内的残余气体被水银压迫而抽不干净</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">故在真空计作固定前须用一台极限真空能抽至</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0.1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">Ｐ</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">a</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">以上的真空泵对真空计进行单独抽气</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">边抽边进行测量</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">待真空计显示出真空度在５</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Pa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">以上后，再关闭真空泵，然后将直立姿势的真空计固定起来，对于支撑形式的真空计，最好抽一下高真空，再投入到测量工作中去。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">４</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">安装上抽气接头和用作密封的罗帽，用真空排气管联接真空系统，若有条件最好请采用直径</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">6mm</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的紫铜管进行焊接，尽可能减少漏气的可能性，注意焊接时，必须将套在接头上的密封圈取下。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">5.</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">测量时，以旋转手轮进行测量的，必须将水银升至ＳＥＴ设定处，再看右侧测量管内的水银所指向的真空度数。操作ＰＭ</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">-6</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">型的真空计，除上面所提到的低真空度测量外，对粗真空度的测量方法是：将右侧测量管内的水银上升至与左侧下方的“</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">——</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">>"</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">位置</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">看抽气管也称比较开管内水银所指向的真空度数</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">即为粗真空度。切记！除在跟踪测量外，其余的真空度以三次测量未变的数值为准确。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">6.</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">测量完毕后，应及时切断真空计与真空系统之间的阀门，以阻止真空系统内的液体或浑浊的气流进入真空计内</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p></SPAN>&nbsp;</p>]]></text>
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        <pubDate>2009-10-21 17:47:30</pubDate>
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        <title>非接触测温仪的三种测温技术</title>        <link>http://www.yz17.com/jishuwenzhang/8740.html</link>
        <description><![CDATA[非接触测温仪的三种测温技术：
点测量：测定物体全部表面温度，像发动机或其他设备
温差测量：比较两个独立点的测量温度，像连接器或断路器
扫描测量：探测在宽的区域或连续区域目标变化。象制冷管线或配电室。
]]></description>
        <text><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=3>非接触测温仪的三种测温技术：</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=3>点测量：测定物体全部表面温度，像发动机或其他设备</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=3>温差测量：比较两个独立点的测量温度，像连接器或断路器</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=3>扫描测量：探测在宽的区域或连续区域目标变化。象制冷管线或配电室。</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=3>选择红外测温仪主要考虑</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">温度范围</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">: </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">每种型号的测温仪都有其特定的测温范围。所选仪器的温度范围应与具体应用的温度范围相匹配。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">目标尺寸</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">: </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">测温时，被测目标应大于测温仪的视场，否则测量有误差。建议被测目标尺寸超过测温仪视场的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">50%</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">为好。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">光学分辨率（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">D:S</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">: </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">即测温仪探头到目标直径之比。如果测温仪远离目标，而目标又小，应选择高分辨率的测温仪。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=3>精确测量温度技巧</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=3>当测量发光物体表面温度时，如铝和不锈钢，表面的反射会影响红外测温仪的读数。在读取温度前，可在金属表面放一胶条，温度平衡后，测量胶条区域温度。</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=3>要想红外测温仪可从厨房到冷藏区来回走动仍能提供精确的温度测量，就要在新环境下经过一段时间以达到温度平衡后再测量。最好将测温仪放在经常使用的场所。</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=3>用红外测温仪读取流体食品的内部温度，像汤或酱，必须搅动，然后就可测表面温度。使测温仪远离蒸汽，以避免污染透镜，导致不正确的读数。</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>]]></text>
        <image><![CDATA[]]></image>
        <author><![CDATA[佚名]]></author>
        <source><![CDATA[不详]]></source>
        <pubDate>2009-10-21 17:42:45</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
        <title>数字化超声探伤仪</title>        <link>http://www.yz17.com/jishuwenzhang/8739.html</link>
        <description><![CDATA[数字化超声波探伤仪的特点
&nbsp;
1&nbsp;引&nbsp;言
UT检测技术作为工业上5大常规无损检测技术之一，一直被人们广泛地使用。在UT中长期使用的是A型脉冲反射式超声波探伤仪，其电路方框图如图1所示[1]。&nbsp;
&nbsp;
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此种仪器显示器显]]></description>
        <text><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=3>数字化超声波探伤仪的特点</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1 </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">引</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">言</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">UT</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">检测技术作为工业上</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">大常规无损检测技术之一，一直被人们广泛地使用。在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">UT</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中长期使用的是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">A</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">型脉冲反射式超声波探伤仪，其电路方框图如图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">所示</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">[1]</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">此种仪器显示器显示的是电脉冲信号，探伤人员要从这些信号中区分出缺陷波和其他各种类型的波，其难度相当大，错判、漏判现象时常发生，严重地阻碍了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">UT</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">技术在更深层次上的应用。但随着电子技术的发展，其成果在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">UT</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">业中的被广泛应用，一种数字化超声探伤仪应运而生，他使</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">UT</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">技术产生了革命性的变革，不仅能对超声波信号进行实时纪录，甚至可以给出缺陷波的性质。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2 </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">数字化超声探伤仪的工作原理</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">与</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">A</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">型脉冲式探伤仪不同，数字化探伤仪在电路上有重大改变，其电路方框图如图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">所示</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">[2]</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">数字信号处理是在计算机中用程序来实现的。通常，首先要进行的处理是去除信号中的噪声，其次是将已经去除噪声的信号进行</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">UT</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">检测所需的处理，包括增益控制、衰减补偿、求信号包路线等。超声信号经接收部分放大后，由模数转换器变为数字信号传给电脑，换能器的位置可受电脑控制或由人工操作，由转换器将位置变为数字传给电脑。电脑再把随时间和位置变化的超声波形进行适当处理，得出进一步控制探伤系统的结论，进而设置有关参数或将处理结果波形、图形等在屏幕上显示、打印出来或给出光、声识别及报警信号。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">3 </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">数字化超声探伤仪的优点</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">与传统探伤仪相比，有以下优点</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">:</font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN>(1)</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">检测速度快数字化超声探伤仪一般都可自动检测、计算、记录，有些还能自动进行深度补偿和自动设置灵敏度，因此检测速度快、效率高。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN>(2)</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">检测精度高数字化超声探伤仪对模拟信号进行高速数据采集、量化、计算和判别，其检测精度可高于传统仪器检测结果。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN>(3)</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">记录和档案检测数字化超声探伤仪可以提供检测记录直至缺陷图像。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN>(4)</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">可靠性高，稳定性好数字化超声探伤仪可全面、客观地采集和存储数据，并对采集到的数据进行实时处理或后处理，对信号进行时域、频域或图像分析，还可通过模式识别对工件质量进行分级，减少了人为因素的影响，提高了检索的可靠性和稳定性。可以实现的功能主要有：</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">a. </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">自动校准：自动测试探头的“零点”、“</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">K</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">值”、“前沿”及材料的“声速”；</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">b. </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">自动显示缺陷回波位置如：深度</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">d</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、水平</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">p</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、距离</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">s</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、波幅、当量</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">dB</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、孔径ф值；</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">c. </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">自由切换标尺；</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">d. </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">自动录制探伤过程并可以进行动态回放；</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">e. </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">自动增益、回波包络、峰值记忆功能；</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">f. </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">探伤参数可自动测试或预置；</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">g. </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">数字抑制，不影响增益和线性；</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">h. </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">多个独立探伤通道，可自由输入并存储任意行业的探伤标准，现场探伤无需携带试块；</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">i. </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">可自由存储、回放波形及数据；</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">j.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </SPAN>DAC</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">AVG</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">曲线自动生成并可以分段制作，取样点不受限制，并可进行修正与补偿；</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">k. </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">自由输入各行业标准；</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">l.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </SPAN></font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">与计算机通讯</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">实现计算机数据管理</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">并可导出</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Excel</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">格式、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">A4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">纸张的探伤报告；</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">m. </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">实时时钟记录</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">:</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">实时探伤日期、时间的跟踪记录，并存储；</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">n.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </SPAN></font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">增益补偿：对表面粗糙度、曲面、厚工件远距离探伤等因素造成的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Db</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">衰减可进行修正；</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">所述以上功能都是模拟超声探伤仪无法实现的。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4 </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">数字化超声探伤仪的主要技术问题</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">(1)</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">模数转换器</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">(ADC) ADC</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">是探伤仪的超声信号输入电脑的必由之路，把连续变化的模拟信号变为数值信号。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">(2)</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">结构目前，有全数方式和模拟数字混合</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> 2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">种。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">(3)</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">软件</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">数字化超声探伤仪在软件方面是多种多样的，探伤仪的成败在很大程度上取决于软件的支持程度。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">5 </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">数字化超声探伤仪的发展前景</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">随着电子技术和软件的进一步发展，数字化超声探伤仪有着广阔的发展前景。相信在不久的将来，以图像显示为主的探伤仪将会在工业检验中得到广泛应用。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">目前，某些数字化超声探伤仪已具有简单的手动及扫描功能，能示意性地显示被检工件的断面图像。随着技术的进步，我们可在便携式仪器上实现相控阵的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">B</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">扫描和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">C</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">扫描成像，使探伤结果像医用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">B</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">超一样直观可见。缺陷定性历来是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">UT</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">检测的一个疑难问题，现代人工智能学科的发展为实现仪器自动缺陷定性提供了可能，运用模式识别技术和专家系统，把大量已知缺陷的各种特征量输入样本库，使仪器接受人的经验，并经过学习后而具备自动缺陷定性的能力。</SPAN></font></p>]]></text>
        <image><![CDATA[]]></image>
        <author><![CDATA[未知]]></author>
        <source><![CDATA[不详]]></source>
        <pubDate>2009-10-19 17:03:29</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
        <title>电极的使用与维护简单作一介绍</title>        <link>http://www.yz17.com/jishuwenzhang/8738.html</link>
        <description><![CDATA[电极的使用与维护简单作一介绍：&nbsp;
⒈复合电极不用时，可充分浸泡3M氯化钾溶液中。切忌用洗涤液或其他吸水性试剂浸洗。&nbsp;
⒉使用前，检查玻璃电极前端的球泡。正常情况下，电极应该透明而无裂纹；球泡内要充满溶液，]]></description>
        <text><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">电极的使用与维护简单作一介绍：</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⒈复合电极不用时，可充分浸泡</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">3M</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">氯化钾溶液中。切忌用洗涤液或其他吸水性试剂浸洗。</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⒉使用前，检查玻璃电极前端的球泡。正常情况下，电极应该透明而无裂纹；球泡内要充满溶液，不能有气泡存在。</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⒊测量浓度较大的溶液时，尽量缩短测量时间，用后仔细清洗，防止被测液粘附在电极上而污染电极。</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⒋清洗电极后，不要用滤纸擦拭玻璃膜，而应用滤纸吸干</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">, </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">避免损坏玻璃薄膜、防止交叉污染，影响测量精度。</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⒌测量中注意电极的银</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">—</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">氯化银内参比电极应浸入到球泡内氯化物缓冲溶液中，避免电计显示部分出现数字乱跳现象。使用时，注意将电极轻轻甩几下。</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⒍电极不能用于强酸、强碱或其他腐蚀性溶液。</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=3>⒎严禁在脱水性介质如无水乙醇、重铬酸钾等中使用。</font></SPAN></p>]]></text>
        <image><![CDATA[]]></image>
        <author><![CDATA[]]></author>
        <source><![CDATA[]]></source>
        <pubDate>2009-10-19 16:45:04</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
        <title>压力表精度等级的含义</title>        <link>http://www.yz17.com/jishuwenzhang/8737.html</link>
        <description><![CDATA[压力表精度等级含义是什么？
&nbsp;
压力表的精度等级，是以允许误差占压力表量程的百分率来表示的，一般分为0．5、1、1．5、2、2．5、3、4七个等级（锅炉上不用3级和4级），数值越小，其精度越高。
&nbsp;
例如，表盘量程]]></description>
        <text><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=3>压力表精度等级含义是什么？</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></SPAN></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">压力表的精度等级，是以允许误差占压力表量程的百分率来表示的，一般分为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">七个等级（锅炉上不用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">级和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">级），数值越小，其精度越高。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">例如，表盘量程</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">～</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">5 MPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">精度</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">级的压力表，它的指针所示压力值与被测介质的实际压力值之间的允许误差，不得超过上</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">5MPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">×</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">％</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">=</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">±</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">062 5 MPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">；当压力表指示压力为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">8MPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">时，实际气压在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">737 5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">～</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">862 5MPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">之间。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">由此可见，压力表实际误差的大小，不但与精度有关，而且还与压力表的量程大小有关。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">量程相同时，精度越高（即数字越小），压力表的允许误差越小。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=3>精度相同时，量程越大，压力表的误差越大。</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>]]></text>
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        <author><![CDATA[]]></author>
        <source><![CDATA[]]></source>
        <pubDate>2009-10-17 14:38:55</pubDate>
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    <item>
        <title>选择压力变送器注意的七个方面</title>        <link>http://www.yz17.com/jishuwenzhang/8736.html</link>
        <description><![CDATA[选择压力变送器要应从7个方面着手：
一、测量材质
二、精度等级&nbsp;
三、量程&nbsp;
四、接液介质&nbsp;
五、介质温度&nbsp;
六、输出信号&nbsp;
七、其他因素
&nbsp;
第一,测量介质
&nbsp;
第二,精度等级
每一种电子式的测量计都会有精度]]></description>
        <text><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">选择压力变送器要应从</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">7</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">个方面着手：</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>一、测量材质</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">二、精度等级</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">三、量程</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">四、接液介质</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">五、介质温度</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">六、输出信号</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>七、其他因素</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">第一</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">测量介质</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">第二</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">精度等级</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">每一种电子式的测量计都会有精度误差的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">但是由于各个国家所标的精度等级是不一样的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">比如</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中国和美国等国家标的精度是传感器在线性度最好的部分</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">也就是我们通常所说的测量范围的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">10%</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">90%</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">之间的精度</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">而欧洲标的精度则是线性度最不好的部分</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">也就是我们通常所说的测量反的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">10%</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">以及</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">90%</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">100%</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">之间的精度</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">如欧洲标的精度为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1%,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">则在中国标的精度就为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0.5%.</font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">第三</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">量程</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一般传感器测量的最大范围为传感器的满量程</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">70%</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">是最好的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">也就是现在要测量</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">70bar</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的压力</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">我们选压力变送器的量程应该选</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">100bar.</font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">第四</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">输出信号</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">目前由于各种采集的需要</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">现在市场上压力变送器的输出信号有很多种</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">主要</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4...20mA,0...20mA,0...10V,0...5V</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">等等</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">但是比较常用的是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4...20mA</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0...10V</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">两种</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在我上面举的这些输出信号中</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">只有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4...20mA</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">为两线制（我们所说的输出为几线制不包含接地或屏蔽线）</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">其他的均为三线制</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">第五</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">介质温度</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">由于压力变送器的信号是通过电子线路部分转换的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">所以一般情况下</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">压力变送器的测量介质温度为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">-30</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">+100</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">度</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">如果温度过高</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">我们一般采用的是冷凝弯来冷却介质</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">这样相对让厂家特地为你生产一个耐高温的压力变送器的成本会降低很多</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">第六</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">接液材质</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">我们要考虑的是压力变送器所测量的介质</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一般的压力变送器的接触介质部分的材质采用的是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">316</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">不锈钢</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">如果你的介质对</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">316</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">不锈钢没有腐蚀性</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">那么基本上所有的压力变送器都适合你对介质压力的测量</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">如果你的介质对</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">316</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">不锈钢有腐蚀性</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">那么我们就要采用化学密封</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">这样不但起到可以测量介质的压力</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">也可以有效的阻止介质与压力变送器的接液部分的接触</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">从而起到保护压力变送器</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">延长了压力变送器的寿面</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">第七</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">其他因素</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">我们确定上面的五个参数之后还要确认你的压力变送器的过程连接接口以及压力变送器的供电电压</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">;</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">如果在特殊的场合下使用还要考虑防爆以及防护等级</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一般我们测量的是相对比较清洁的流体</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">我们就直接采用标准的压力变送器就可以了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">如果你所测量的介质是易结晶的或粘稠的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">我们一般采用的是外置膜片的或和化学密封共同使用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">这样会有效的阻止介质堵住压力测量孔</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></SPAN></font></p>]]></text>
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        <pubDate>2009-10-17 14:38:09</pubDate>
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        <title>压力表技术文章</title>        <link>http://www.yz17.com/jishuwenzhang/8735.html</link>
        <description><![CDATA[在工业过程控制与技术测量过程中，由于机械式压力表的弹性敏感元件具有很高的机械强度以及生产方便等特性，使得机械式压力表得到越来越广泛的应用。&nbsp;
机械压力表中的弹性敏感元件随着压力的变化而产生弹性变形。机械]]></description>
        <text><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在工业过程控制与技术测量过程中，由于机械式压力表的弹性敏感元件具有很高的机械强度以及生产方便等特性，使得机械式压力表得到越来越广泛的应用。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">机械压力表中的弹性敏感元件随着压力的变化而产生弹性变形。机械压力表采用弹簧管（波登管），膜片，膜盒及波纹管等敏感元件并按此分类。所测量的压力一般视为相对压力。一般相对点选为大气压力。弹性元件在介质压力作用下产生的弹性变形，通过压力表的齿轮传动机构放大，压力表就会显示出相对于大气压的相对值（或高或低）。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在测量范围内的压力值由指针显示，刻度盘的指示范围一般做成</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">270</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">度。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">压力表的分类：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>压力表按其测量精确度，可分为精密压力表、一般压力表。</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 5.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: .5"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 5.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: .5"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">精密压力表的测量精确度等级分别为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0.1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0.16</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0.25</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0.4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">级；</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 5.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: .5"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一般压力表的测量精确度等级分别为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1.0</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1.6</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2.5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4.0</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">级。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">压力表按其指示压力的基准不同，分为一般压力表、绝对压力表、差压表。一般压力表以大气压力为基准；绝压表以绝对压力零位为基准；差压表测量两个被测压力之差。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">压力表按其测量范围，分为真空表、压力真空表、微压表、低压表、中压表及高压表。真空表用于测量小于大气压力的压力值；压力真空表用于测量小于和大于大气压力的压力值；微压表用于测量小于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">60000 Pa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的压力值；低压表用于测量</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0~6MPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">压力值；中压表用于测量</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">10~60MPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">压力值；高压表用于测量</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">100MPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">以上压力值。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">耐震压力表的壳体制成全密封结构，且在壳体内填充阻尼油，由于其阻尼作用可以使用在工作环境振动或介质压力（载荷）脉动的测量场所。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.5"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">带有电接点控制开关的压力表可以实现发讯报警或控制功能。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">带有远传机构的压力表可以提供工业工程中所需要的电信号（比如电阻信号或标准直流电流信号）。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.5"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">隔膜表所使用的隔离器（化学密封）能通过隔离膜片，将被测介质与仪表隔离，以便测量强腐蚀、高温、易结晶介质的压力。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 31.5pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.0"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">压力表的弹性元件机械压力表中的弹性敏感元件随着压力的变化而产生弹性变形。机械压力表采用弹簧管（波登管）、膜片、膜盒及波纹管等敏感元件并按此分类。敏感元件一般是由铜合金、不锈钢或由特殊材料制成。</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"></SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">弹簧管（波登管）分为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">C</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">型管、盘簧管、螺旋管等型式。一般采用冷作硬化型材料坯管，在退火态具有很高的塑性，经压力加工冷作硬化及定性处理后获得很高的弹性和强度。弹簧管在内腔压力作用下，利用其所具有的弹性特性，可以方便地将压力转变为弹簧管自由端的弹性位移。弹簧管的测量范围一般在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0.1MPa ~ 250MPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.5"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">膜片敏感元件是带有波浪的圆形膜片，膜片本身位于两个法兰之间，或焊接在法兰盘上或其边缘夹在两个法兰盘之间。膜片一侧受到测量介质的压力。这样膜片所产生的微小弯曲变形可用来间接测量介质的压力。压力的大小由指针显示。膜片与波登管相比其传递力较大。由于膜片本身周围边缘固定，所以其防振性较好。膜片压力表可达到很高的过压保护（比如膜片贴附在上法兰盘上）。膜片还可以加上保护镀层以提高防腐性。利用开口法兰、冲洗、开口等措施可用膜片压力表测量粘度很大、不清洁的及结晶的介质。膜片压力表的压力测量范围在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1600Pa ~ 2.5 MPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"></SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">膜盒敏感元件由两块对扣在一起的呈圆形波浪截面的膜片组成。测量介质的压力作用在膜盒腔内侧，由此所产生的变形可用来间接测量介质的压力。压力值的大小由指针显示。膜盒压力表一般用来测量气体的微压，并具有一定程度的过压保护能力。几个膜盒敏感元件叠在一起后会产生较大的传递力来测量极微小的压力。膜盒压力表的压力测量范围在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">250Pa ~ 60000Pa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN></font></p>]]></text>
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        <pubDate>2009-10-17 14:37:11</pubDate>
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        <title>氟塑料衬里阀门生产工艺</title>        <link>http://www.yz17.com/jishuwenzhang/8734.html</link>
        <description><![CDATA[氟塑料衬里阀门的生产是一种复杂而又繁重的过程，除了成型加工技术外，还需考虑到生产成本，原料供应，环境影响等方面。
&nbsp;
压塑是氟塑料成型工艺方法之一（如图1），也是氟塑料衬里阀门应用最理想的方法之一，是将]]></description>
        <text><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>氟塑料衬里阀门的生产是一种复杂而又繁重的过程，除了成型加工技术外，还需考虑到生产成本，原料供应，环境影响等方面。</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">压塑是氟塑料成型工艺方法之一（如图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">），也是氟塑料衬里阀门应用最理想的方法之一，是将一定量的氟塑料（粉状、粒状、纤维状、片状和碎屑状等）放入成型的模腔中，然后闭合，放在加热炉内加热到一定温度，并在压力作用下熔融流动，缓慢充满整个型腔而取得型腔所赋予的形状。随着氟塑料化学反应程度的增加，熔体逐渐失去流动性变成不熔的体型结构而成为固体，经冷却到一定温度打开模具，而成为成品，从而完成模压过程。如图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">衬里工艺流程图。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>衬里阀门是现代科学技术发展阶段的产物。氟塑料衬里阀门是伴随着氟塑料的出现和社会需求而产生的一种高新技术产品。根据氟塑料上述的性能特点和成型工艺特性、方法，人们不断探索，反覆实践，开发出了系列氟塑料衬里阀门。氟塑料衬里阀门与常规通用阀门相比，不论是材料选择上，还是制造工艺上有其自身的特点。</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">氟塑料衬里阀门结构长度和法兰两端尺寸，按钢制阀门的相关标准和行业标准执行。如结构长度按</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">GB/T 12221</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">标准的规定，结构长度包括法兰密封面衬氟塑料厚度。法兰连接尺寸按</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">GB/T 9113.1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的规定。并限制在法兰端连接，不允许采用焊接方法连接。便于工业管道的安装连接不因焊接而影响产品质量。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>衬里层厚度的确定既是一个科学问题，又是比较现实的经济问题。衬氟层厚了浪费昂贵的氟塑料，衬薄了满足不了使用要求。因为氟塑料是高分子材料，具有吸收少量与其接触的气体的特性，随温度的升高，材料体积膨胀，分子之间空隙增大，渗透吸收就加剧。只有适当增加厚度才能减少渗透。因此，在衬里层设计时，采用增加厚度来弥补这一缺陷。</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">经过试验验证，确定衬里层厚度δ≥</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2mm</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">比较合适。并且随着阀门通径的增大而增加。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">氟塑料的密度应选用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2.16g/cm</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">&sup3;左右，且不允许有杂质存在的原材料。用于食品、医药、卫生级阀门的衬里材料，还应无毒、无菌、无杂质清洁卫生的材料。氟塑料阀门的表面应当光滑平整、无气孔、裂纹、夹杂等缺陷。法兰的翻边处及其他转角处应色泽均匀，无泛白现象。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">大口径衬里阀门，可采用钢板焊接方式，焊接点符合</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">GB/T150</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">标准的规定。氟塑料衬里阀门的内部形状应尽量简洁，便于衬里和模具的制作，壳体受衬面应平整，所有的转角处应呈圆弧过渡，圆弧半径</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">R</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">≥</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2mm.</font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">氟塑料衬里阀门零件壳体受衬面上的焊缝应成连续焊，并且采用对接焊缝。不得采用点焊，间断焊。更不得采用铆接方式。焊缝应打磨平整，焊缝凸出高度≤</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0.5mm</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。如下图所示。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>]]></text>
        <image><![CDATA[]]></image>
        <author><![CDATA[]]></author>
        <source><![CDATA[]]></source>
        <pubDate>2009-10-17 14:36:17</pubDate>
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    <item>
        <title>阀门主要参数:公称通径,公称压力,工作压力,工作温度</title>        <link>http://www.yz17.com/jishuwenzhang/8733.html</link>
        <description><![CDATA[表示阀门的主要性能参数为公称通径、公称压力、工作压力和工作温度等。
&nbsp;
一、公称通径&nbsp;
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;公称通径DN&nbsp;是管路系统中所有管路附件用数字表示的尺寸，以区别用螺纹或外径表示的那些零件。公称通径是用作参考的]]></description>
        <text><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>表示阀门的主要性能参数为公称通径、公称压力、工作压力和工作温度等。</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一、公称通径</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">公称通径</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">DN </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">是管路系统中所有管路附件用数字表示的尺寸，以区别用螺纹或外径表示的那些零件。公称通径是用作参考的经过圆整的数字，与加工尺寸数值上不完全等同。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">公称通径是用字母“</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">DN</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">”后紧跟一个数字标志。如公称通径</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">250mm</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">应标志为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">DN250</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">二、公称压力</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">公称压力</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">PN </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">是一个用数字表示的与压力有关的标示代号，是供参考用的方便的圆整数。同一公称压力</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">PN</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">值所标示的同一公称通径</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">!" </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的所有管路附件具有与端部连接型式相适应的同一连接尺寸。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在我国，涉及公称压力时，为了明确起见，通常给出计量单位，以“</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">MPA</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">”表示。在英、美等国家中，尽管目前在有关标准中已列入了公称压力的概念，但实际使用中仍采用英制单位</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Class</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。由于公称压力和压力级的温度基准不同，因此两者没有严格的对应关系。两者间大致的对应关系参见表。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日本标准中有一种“</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">K</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">”级制，例如</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">10K</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">20K</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">40K</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">等。这种压力级的概念与英制单位中的压力级制相同，但计量单位采用米制。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">三、压力—温度额定值</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">阀门的压力—温度额定值，是在指定温度下用表压表示的最大允许工作压力。当温度升高时，最大允许工作压力随之降低。压力—温度额定值数据是在不同工作温度和工作压力下正确选用法兰、阀门及管件的主要依据，也是工程设计和生产制造中的基本参数。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">各种材料的压力—温度额定值、数据见第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">章，许多国家都制订了阀门、管件、法兰的压力——温度额定值标准。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、美国标准</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在美国标准中，钢制阀门的压力—温度额定值按</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">ASME/ANSI B16.5a-1992</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">ASME B16.34-1996</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的规定；铸铁阀门的压力—温度额定值按</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">ANSI B16.1-1989~B16.4-1989</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">ANSI B16.42-1985</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的规定：青铜阀门的压力—温度额定值按</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">ASME/ANSI B16.15a-1992</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">ASME B16.24-1991</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的规定。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）美国</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">ASME/ANSI B16.5a-1992</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中规定了英制单位和米制单位两种法兰尺寸系列，同时分别列出了适用了两种单位制的法兰压力温度额定值。在该标准附录</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">D </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中给出了确定英制单位压力—温度额定值的方法。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）美国</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">ANSI B16.42-1985</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《球墨铸铁管法兰及法兰管件》标准中规定了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">CL150</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">CL300</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">球墨铸铁法兰压力—温度额定值在标准附录中又规定了压力—温度等级的制订方法，其基本原理、使用范围、限制条件及制订程序与</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">ASME/ANSI B16.5a-1992</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">基本一致。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）美国</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">ASME B16.34-1966</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">纳入了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">ASME/ANSI B16.5a-1992</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中法兰连接阀门的温度—压力额定值数据。该标准中法兰连接阀门的压力—温度额定值采用了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">ASME/ANSI B16.5a-1992</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的制订方法。该标准列出了法兰连接和对焊连接的标准级阀门及对焊连接特殊级阀门的压力—温度额定值数据表。标准中所列的阀门材料有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">100</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">多种，共划分为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">27</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">组。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、德国标准</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">德国标准</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">DIN2401-1977</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">第二分册《管道压力级、钢和铸铁管道部件的允许工作压力》是一个比较综合的压力—温度额定值标准。其中，列出了无缝管、焊接管、法兰、阀门、管件及螺栓在不同材料，不同温度条件下的允许工作压力。该标准包括法兰材料</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">6</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">种、法兰连接铸铁阀门材料</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">种、铸钢</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">种、锻钢</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">种，这些均为原始材料。钢材均为碳钢和低合金钢，未包括不锈钢。标准中明确规定，当选用与原始材料不同的其他材料时，其允许工作压力根据使用材料的强度特性值与标准中规定的原始材料在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">20</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">℃时的强度值之间的比值进行计算。对于不锈钢材料的压力一温度额定值，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">ISO/DIS70651</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《钢法兰》中进行了补充说明。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、原苏联标准</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">原苏联标准</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">TOCT356-1980</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《阀门与管路附件的公称压力、试验压力和工作压力系列》，全部符合经互会标准。原苏联标准中，对材料进行了分组。在该标准中将</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">200</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">℃以下的最大允许工作压力值均视为常温下的工作压力，并等于公称压力。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、国际标准</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">国际标准</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">ISO/DIS7005-1-1992</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《普通管法兰》是将美国标准</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">ASME/ANSI B 16.5a-1992</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">和德国标准中公称压力级的法兰标准合并在一起。因此，压力—温度额定值标准也分别采用了美国和德国两个国家的法兰压力—温度额定值标准的制订方法及相应数据。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">ISO/DIS7005-1-1992</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中的公称压力等级</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">PN0.25</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0.6</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1.0</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1.6</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2.5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4.0MPA</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">属德国法兰体系；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">PN2.5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">10</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">15</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">25</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">42MPA</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">属于美国法兰体系。每一体系的压力—温度额定值标准只适用于各自体系的法兰标准。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、我国国家标准</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">国家标准</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">GB/T9124-2000</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（附录</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">A</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）《钢制管法兰</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">技术条件》参考了德国</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">DIN2401-1977</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">和美国</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">ASME/ANSI B 16.5a-1992</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">标准中压力温度额定值的制订原则及方法，利用我国常用的法兰材料，参照国际标准</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">ISO/DIS7005-1-1992</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">分别制订了适用于两个公称压力系列（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">PN0.25-4.0MPA</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">PN2.0-42.0MPA</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）的法兰压力—温度额定值。标准中规定了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">13</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">种法兰材料在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">12</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">个公称压力等级下，工作温度为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">20-530</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">℃的最大允许工作压力。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>]]></text>
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        <pubDate>2009-10-17 14:35:21</pubDate>
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        <title>HART通用命令一览</title>        <link>http://www.yz17.com/jishuwenzhang/8732.html</link>
        <description><![CDATA[HART命令0：读标识码
返回扩展的设备类型代码，版本和设备标识码。
请求：无
响应：
字节0：&nbsp;254&nbsp;
字节1：制造商ID
字节2：制造商设备类型
字节3：请求的前导符数
字节4：通用命令文档版本号
字节5：变送器]]></description>
        <text><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">HART</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">命令</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：读标识码</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>返回扩展的设备类型代码，版本和设备标识码。</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>请求：无</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>响应：</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> 254 </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：制造商</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">ID</font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：制造商设备类型</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：请求的前导符数</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：通用命令文档版本号</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：变送器规范版本号</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">6</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：设备软件版本号</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">7</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：设备硬件版本号</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">8</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：设备标志</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">9-11</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：设备</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">ID</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">号</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">HART</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">命令</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：读主变量（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">PV</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）以浮点类型返回主变量的值。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>请求：无</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>响应：</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">主变量单位代码</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1-4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：主变量</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">HART</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">命令</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：读主变量电流值和百分比</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">读主变量电流和百分比，主变量电流总是匹配设备的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">AO</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">输出电流。百分比没有限制在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0-100%</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">之间，如果超过了主变量的范围，会跟踪到传感器的上下限。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>请求：无</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>响应：</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0-3</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：主变量电流，单位毫安</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4-7</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">主变量量程百分比</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">HART</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">命令</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：读动态变量和主变量电流</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">读主变量电流和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">个（最多）预先定义的动态变量，主变量电流总是匹配设备的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">AO</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">输出电流。每种设备类型都定义的第二、第三和第四变量，如第二变量是传感器温度等。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>请求：无</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>响应：</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0-3</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：主变量电流，单位毫安</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">主变量单位代码</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">5-8</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：主变量</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">9</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">第二变量单位代码</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">10-13</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：第二变量</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">14</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：第三变量单位代码</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">15-18</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：第三变量</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">19</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">第四变量单位代码</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">20-23</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：第四变量</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">HART</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">命令</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：保留</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">HART</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">命令</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：保留</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">HART</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">命令</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">6</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：写</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">POLLING</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">地址</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">这是数据链路层管理命令。这个命令写</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Polling</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">地址到设备，该地址用于控制主变量</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">AO</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">输出和提供设备标识。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">只有当设备的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Polling</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">地址被设成</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">时，设备的主变量</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">AO</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">才能输出，如果地址是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1~15</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">则</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">AO</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">处于不活动状态也不响应应用过程，此时</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">AO</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">被设成最小；并设置传输状态第三位——主变量模拟输出固定；上限</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">/</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">下限报警无效。如果</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Polling</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">地址被改回</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，则主变量</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">AO</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">重新处于活动状态，也能够响应应用过程。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">请求：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：设备的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Polling</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">地址</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>响应：</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：设备的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Polling</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">地址</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">HART</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">命令</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">7</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">HART</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">命令</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">8</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">HART</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">命令</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">9</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">HART</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">命令</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">10</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">HART</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">命令</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">11</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：用设备的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Tag</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">读设备的标识</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">这是一个数据链路层管理命令。这个命令返回符合该</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Tag</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的设备的扩展类型代码、版本和设备标识码。当收到设备的扩展地址或广播地址时执行该命令。响应消息中的扩展地址和请求的相同。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">请求：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0-5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">设备的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Tag</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">ASCII</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">码</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>响应：</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> 254</font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：制造商</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">ID</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">代码</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">制造商设备类型代码</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">请求的前导符数</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：通用命令文档版本号</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">变送器版本号</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">6</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：本设备的软件版本号</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">7</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：本设备的硬件版本号</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">8</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：设备的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Flags</font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">9-11</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">设备的标识号</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">HART</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">命令</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">12</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：读消息（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Message</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>读设备含有的消息。</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>请求：无</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>响应：</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0-23</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">设备消息，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">ASCII</font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">HART</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">命名</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">13</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：读标签</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Tag</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，描述符</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Description</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">和日期</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Date</font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">读设备的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Tag</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Description and Date</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>请求：无</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>响应：</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0-5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：标签</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Tag</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">ASCII</font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">6-17</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：描述符，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">ASCII</font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">18-20</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：日期，分别是日、月、年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">-1900</font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">HART</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">命令</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">14</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：读主变量传感器信息</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">读主变量传感器序列号、传感器极限</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">/</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">最小精度（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Span</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）单位代码、主变量传感器上限、主变量传感器下限和传感器最小精度。传感器极限</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">/</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">最小精度（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Span</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）单位和主变量的单位相同。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>请求：无</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>响应：</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0-2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">主变量传感器序列号</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">主变量传感器上下限和最小精度单位代码</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4-7</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">主变量传感器上限</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">8-11</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：主变量传感器下限</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">12-15</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：主变量最小精度</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">HART</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">命令</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">15</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：读主变量输出信息</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">读主变量报警选择代码、主变量传递（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Transfer</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）功能代码、主变量量程单位代码、主变量上限值、主变量下限值、主变量阻尼值、写保护代码和主发行商代码。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>请求：无</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>响应：</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：主变量报警选择代码</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：主变量传递</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Transfer</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">功能代码</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">主变量上下量程值单位代码</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">3-6</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">主变量上限值</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">7-10</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：主变量下限值</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">11-14</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：主变量阻尼值，单位秒</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">15</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">写保护代码</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">16</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：商标发行商代码</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Private Label Distributor Code</font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">HART</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">命令</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">16</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：读最终装配号</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>读设备的最终装配号。</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>请求：无</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>响应：</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0-2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：最终装配号</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">HART</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">命令</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">17</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：写消息</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>写消息到设备。</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>请求：</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0-23</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">设备消息，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">ASCII</font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>响应：</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0-23</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">设备消息，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">ASCII</font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">HART</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">命令</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">18</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：写标签、描述符和日期</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>写标签、描述符和日期到设备。</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>请求：</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0-5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">标签</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Tag</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">ASCII</font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">6-17</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">描述符</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Descriptor</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">ASCII</font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">18-20</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：日期</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>响应：</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0-5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">标签</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Tag</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">ASCII</font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">6-17</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">描述符</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Descriptor</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">ASCII</font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">18-20</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：日期</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">HART</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">命令</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">19</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：写最后装配号</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>写最后装配号到设备。</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>请求：</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0-2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">最终装配号</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>响应：</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0-2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">最终装配号</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">命令</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">33</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：读变送器变量</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">读选择的变送器变量。这个命令有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Burst</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">模式操作的能力，与命令</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">107</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一起组态写</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Burst</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">模式变送器变量。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>请求：</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">分配到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Slot0</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的变送器变量代码</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：分配到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Slot1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的变送器变量代码</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：分配到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Slot2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的变送器变量代码</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：分配到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Slot3</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的变送器变量代码</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>响应：</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：分配到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Slot0</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的变送器变量代码</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：分配到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Slot1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的变送器变量代码</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：分配到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Slot2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的变送器变量代码</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：分配到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Slot3</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的变送器变量代码</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">命令</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">108</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：写</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Burst</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">模式命令号</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>这是一个数据连路层管理命令。</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">该命令选择设备在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Burst</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">模式传递的响应消息。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">所有执行</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Burst</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">模式的设备支持命令</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>请求：</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：响应消息的命令号</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>响应：</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：响应消息的命令号</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">命令</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">109</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Burst</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">模式控制</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">该命令用于进入</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">/</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">退出</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Burst</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">模式。命令</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">或命令</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">108</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（写</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Burst</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的命令号）选择的命令号的响应数据类型将被传输。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>请求：</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> Burst</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">模式控制代码</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>响应：</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> Burst</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">模式控制代码</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">命令</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">110</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：读所有动态变量</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">读</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">个预先定义的动态变量。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>请求：无</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>响应：</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">主变量单位代码</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1-4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：主变量</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：第二变量单位代码</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">6-9</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：第二变量</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">10</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：第三变量单位代码</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">11-14</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：第三变量</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">15</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：第四变量单位代码</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">16-19</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：第四变量</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">命令</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">111</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Transfer</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务控制</SPAN></font></p>]]></text>
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        <pubDate>2009-10-17 14:33:54</pubDate>
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        <title>中国和印度领军的亚洲流量计市场在迅速膨胀</title>        <link>http://www.yz17.com/jishuwenzhang/8731.html</link>
        <description><![CDATA[&nbsp;随着辽宁沿海经济带开发开放上升为国家战略，丹东临海产业园也就此重新调整规划，辽宁（丹东）仪器仪表产业基地借势推出。生产仪器仪表，丹东既不缺少坚实的传统，又不缺少崛起的后劲。在一个血液里都充满着仪器仪表]]></description>
        <text><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">随着辽宁沿海经济带开发开放上升为国家战略，丹东临海产业园也就此重新调整规划，辽宁（丹东）仪器仪表产业基地借势推出。生产仪器仪表，丹东既不缺少坚实的传统，又不缺少崛起的后劲。在一个血液里都充满着仪器仪表细胞的城市建设辽宁蒸汽流量计产业基地，其强大的产业集聚能力，必将成为丹东市未来经济增长的新引擎。形势比人强。或许几年以后，丹东又将多出一张名为“中国仪器仪表城”的新名片。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">北京时间</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">7</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">28</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日晚间，试验仪器设备制造商</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Waters Corp.(WAT)</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">发布了第二财季业绩报告，每股利润不及华尔街的普遍预期，导致股价重跌</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">5%</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">以上。截至周二美东时间上午</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">10:56(</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">北京时间周二晚</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">22</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">点</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">56</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">分</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Waters</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在纽约证交所上市的股票下跌</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2.52</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">美元，至</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">49.92</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">美元。过去的一年中这只股票已下跌</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">25%</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。总部位于麻省</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Milford</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Waters</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">报告，全季利润为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">6990</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">万美元，合每股</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">73</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">美分，低于上年同期盈利</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">8310</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">万美元合每股</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">83</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">美分的水平。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">目前，欧洲、中东和非洲是蒸汽流量计系统最大的市场，其次是亚洲和北美。北美市场正在缩小，而中国和印度领军的亚洲市场在迅速膨胀。大多数亚洲国家市场都比欧洲市场增长快，但由于欧洲市场本身规模大，亚洲市场要在规模上赶上欧洲还需要几年。另外，由于日本继续在安全保护领域使用继电器或逻辑器件，其可编程安全系统市场依然很小。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>]]></text>
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        <pubDate>2009-10-17 14:33:16</pubDate>
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        <title>近红外土壤养分仪与传统土壤养分速测仪的应用分析</title>        <link>http://www.yz17.com/jishuwenzhang/8730.html</link>
        <description><![CDATA[近红外土壤养分仪与传统土壤养分速测仪的应用分析
随着社会的进步，仪器也在日异的更新。农业仪器也在不断的改变着。近些年，一些高科技术仪器也越来越普遍的应用到农业工作者的手上。如土壤养分仪，主要是测试土壤]]></description>
        <text><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=3>近红外土壤养分仪与传统土壤养分速测仪的应用分析</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">随着社会的进步，仪器也在日异的更新。农业仪器也在不断的改变着。近些年，一些高科技术仪器也越来越普遍的应用到农业工作者的手上。如土壤养分仪，主要是测试土壤、植株、化学肥料、生物肥料等样品中的速效氮、速效磷、有效钾、全氮、全磷、全钾、有机质含量，土壤酸碱度及土壤含盐量。土壤养分仪的使用方法有很几种，如：实验室化学分析法，传统快速测量方法（试剂法）等。现在又研发了一种，利用光谱法测试</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">——</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">近红外土壤养分仪。它跟传统土壤养分速测仪在应用上有什么区别呢。下面我作一些简单的分析。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一、功能：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">近红外土壤分析仪功能：可测出土壤中的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">N</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">K</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、有机质、水分等含量，如需其他参数可输入模型。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">传统土壤养分速测仪功能：可测土壤、植株、化学肥料、生物肥料等样品中的速效氮、速效磷、有效钾、全氮、全磷、全钾、有机质含量，土壤酸碱度及土壤含盐量。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">二、操作方法：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">近红外土壤分析仪：应用光谱技术，结合数据挖掘和融合技术，提出了土壤养分快速测试分析方法，实现了土壤养分的实时快速测试。</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">不破坏样品，不需要化学试剂，直接将土壤样品放入样品室即可测出土壤中的养分含量。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">传统土壤养分速测仪：利用试剂法，样品需前处理，步骤烦杂，要一步一步滴试剂不能有漏项，对工作人员要求必须细心。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">三、测试出结果时间：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">近红外土壤分析仪：因为利用的是光谱法，只需</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">分钟即可。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">传统土壤养分速测仪：包括前处理时间要</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">40</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">分钟</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">-1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">小时。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">四、后期成本费用：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">近红外土壤分析仪：除电费外无任何费用，无须任何试剂。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">传统土壤养分速测仪：试剂费用，每个样本在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1.2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">元</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">-2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">元之间。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">五、扩展性</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">近红外土壤分析仪：可更改模型或增加模型以测试更多的参数，扩展性超强。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">传统土壤养分速测仪：只能测</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">N P K</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">PH</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">EC</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">养分，无扩展功能。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">终上所述，近红外土壤分析仪具有：应用光谱技术，结合数据挖掘和融合技术，提出了土壤养分快速测试分析方法，实现了土壤养分的实时快速测试。测试出结果速度快，后期成本零费用。并具有可扩展性能。当然仪器的价格也传统的土壤养分速测仪高出许多，但是根据长久考虑又不失为一种适合各科研单位及研究人员的称心仪器。因为它省时，省钱，省精力</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">扩展性能强。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">时代的不断发展近红外土壤分析仪将会普遍的进入农业研究单位</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">并得到广泛的应用。也愿高科技，高效率的仪器能得到更广泛的使用。从而使国家的科技水品能越来越高。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>]]></text>
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        <pubDate>2009-09-25 18:25:15</pubDate>
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        <title>仪表常用名词概念</title>        <link>http://www.yz17.com/jishuwenzhang/8729.html</link>
        <description><![CDATA[真值：指客观存在，但除了理论上外无法绝对正确地得到的物理量。在现实中常把精度足够高的标准仪器得出的数值作为真值。
&nbsp;
测量值：指通过仪表等工具对真值进行测量后所得到的读数值。
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误差：测量所测得的读数]]></description>
        <text><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">真值：指客观存在，但除了理论上外无法绝对正确地得到的物理量。在现实中常把精度足够高的标准仪器得出的数值作为真值。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">测量值：指通过仪表等工具对真值进行测量后所得到的读数值。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">误差：测量所测得的读数值偏离真值的程度：误差</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">=</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">测量值</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">-</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">真值。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">绝对误差：用测量单位来表示误差时，称为绝对误差。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">相对误差：将绝对误差与真值相比后的误差：绝对误差÷真值×</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">100%</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">或将绝对误差与测量值相比后的误差：绝对误差÷测量值×</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">100%</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">基本误差：不包含其它影响量导致的误差（一般以相对误差表示）。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">正确度：测量的读数值接近真值的程度。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">精度：以等级表示的允许最大误差。如</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">1.0</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">级表示允许误差为全量程的±</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">1%</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">回差：在测量指标中，回差指相同的输入信号量，从量程始点加至该值与由量程终点减至该值时仪表的读数之差。也称“指示不灵敏区”、“返回差”等。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在位式调节中，回差指输入增大至使仪表控制输出发生切换时的值，再使输入信号减小，使仪表控制输出发生再次切换时的值的差值，故调节回差也称“切换差”或“控制死区”、“控制不灵敏区”等。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 30pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.5"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在测量指标中，回差越小越好。但在位式控制中，回差是必须的，否则将使系统无法工作。但回差应有一较佳值，一般在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">0.05</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">～</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">0.5%F</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">·</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">S</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">之间比较合适。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">常开、常闭触点：根据需要继电器可以同时具有“常开”和“常闭”转换触点。“常开”触点在继电器不吸合或仪表不通电时呈断开状，在继电器吸合时呈接通状，而“常闭”触点则与之相反。为了保证系统最高的可靠性，仪表在用作调节和报警时，均应使用仪表输出的“常开”触点。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></p>]]></text>
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        <pubDate>2009-09-23 20:57:08</pubDate>
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        <title>谈威力巴流量计参数核定问题</title>        <link>http://www.yz17.com/jishuwenzhang/8728.html</link>
        <description><![CDATA[一、引&nbsp;言&nbsp;
利用差压原理进行流量测量是当今世界上使用最广泛、最可靠的流量测量方式，随着科学技术的发展和流量测量技术的进步，一些新型、高性能的测量传感装置逐步取代了传统的节流装置进行流量测量，由美国VERI]]></description>
        <text><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一、引</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">言</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">利用差压原理进行流量测量是当今世界上使用最广泛、最可靠的流量测量方式，随着科学技术的发展和流量测量技术的进步，一些新型、高性能的测量传感装置逐步取代了传统的节流装置进行流量测量，由美国</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">VERIS</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">公司推出的全新均速流量探头——威力巴便是其中之一。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在过去几十年来一次源的检测水平始终没有重大突破，成了制约差压式流量测量系统发展的瓶颈，使得高水平的下游仪表无法发挥出应有的高效率。威力巴的出现，恰恰克服了这一缺陷，使得一次源的测量精度、重复性和可靠性达到一个崭新的高度。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 15.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.5"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">从使用角度看，威力巴均速流量探头与传统的流量节流装置相比具有更多的优点，具体表现在以下几个方面：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">精度高，量程比大，大于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">10</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">采用非收缩节流设计，比孔板的永久压损至少降低</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">95%</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">以上；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">安装简单，只需在管道上开一小孔后焊一底座，无需截断管道，有些介质可以在线安装，并可随时将探头取出检查，安装费用低，基本免维护；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">由于威力巴的接头可直接与变送器连接，无需三组阀和引压管，避免了因引压管泄漏、堵塞等造成的测量误差；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">可以测量气体、液体和蒸气等各种介质，应用范围广泛，且测量信号稳定、波动小。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">威力巴的设计、制造先进，但其测量系统对被测介质有关参数的准确性要求也非常高，这一点要比其它流量测量系统的要求严格得多。本文从威力巴测量原理出发，结合其在我公司煤气流量测量中的应用，谈该流量计在实际使用中的参数核定问题及使用过程中需要注意的相关事项。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></SPAN></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">二、威力巴测量原理</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">如图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">所示，威力巴均速流量探头垂直插入管道固定安装，当流体流过探头时，在其前部产生一个高压分布区，高压分布区的压力略高于管道的静压，根据伯努利方程原理，流体流过探头时速度加快，在探头后部产生一个低压分布区，低压分布区的压力略低于管道的静压，威力巴探头在高、低压区有按一定准则排布的多对取压孔，通过这些取压孔，威力巴能够精确地检测到由流体平均速度所产生的平均差压△</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。需要注意的是均速流量探头的截面形状、表面粗糙状况和低压取压孔的位置是决定探头性能的关键因素，低压信号的稳定和准确对均速探头的精度和性能起着决定性作用。在煤气测量中，流量</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">QV</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">与△</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的对应关系为：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>QV<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </SPAN>= C</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">’</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">*[(</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">△</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P*P(fa))/(T(fa)*Z(f))]1/2<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">式中：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">QV</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">——标况体积流量；△</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">——差压，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">kPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Pfa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">——工作状态绝压，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">kPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Tfa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">——工作状态绝对温度，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">K</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Zf</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">——工作状态下煤气的绝压系数；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">C</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">’——流量系数。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1 </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">威力巴测量系统示意图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">三、实际使用中参数的核定</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">威力巴流量计生产厂家是根据用户提供的有关工艺参数、测量要求来确定设备型号和计算差压的，而用户往往以原工艺设计图纸的设计值为准提供，但在企业投产后的实际生产中，由于各种原因很多参数发生了变化，这将使按原参数计算与设定的威力巴测量系统测量准确度受到较大影响，必须重新核定有关参数并计算新的差压值，改正测量系统的设定参数。我公司在煤气厂出口中压煤气流量测量中，就发现了此类问题。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">工作压力</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Pf</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">是获得准确差压计算的关键参数之一，由式（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）可得差压△</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">计算公式为：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">△</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P = [QV / C</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">’</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">]2*[T(fa)*Z(f) / P(fa)]<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">式中：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P(fa) = P(f)+</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">当地平均大气压。由此可见，工作压力</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Pf</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">与差压的计算直接相关。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">我公司于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2003</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年采用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">V200-10-H-H-B5C</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在线安装型威力巴对煤气厂出口中压煤气流量进行测量，订货时提供的工作压力参数为设计值</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">40kPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，厂家计算差压量程为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">200.31Pa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。测量系统投运后，流量显示值约</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">31000m3/h</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，与生产消耗严重不符。经仔细核查，发现问题出在当初所提供的参数上，其中压力参数影响最大。煤气厂投产后，因中压煤气用户氧化铝焙烧炉生产水平未达到设计生产能力，煤气消耗量不大，供气工作压力实际只有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">36 kPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，而以</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">36 kPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">计算（改正其它有误差参数）威力巴差压为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">206.2Pa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，与原差压相差近</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">6Pa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，投运后在相同生产状况下流量显示约为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">27500 m3/h </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，与生产消耗基本相符。可见虽然差压只相差</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">6Pa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，但流量却相差了约</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">3500 m3/h </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。而后，我公司对氧化铝生产系统进行了大规模技术改造，氧化铝焙烧产量大大提高，超过了设计生产能力</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1200t/h </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，煤气需求量增大，为此煤气厂通过改造使煤气排送机的送风量由原来的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">600 m3/min</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">提高到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">800m3/min</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，送风量的增大也使煤气压力从</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">36 kPa </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">最高升到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">42 kPa </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，在最大流量</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">45000 m3/h </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">不变的条件下，其计算差压量程为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">197 Pa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，及时调整威力巴测量系统的设定参数后，保证了测量的准确度。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">四、煤气摩尔质量</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">式（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）中流量系数</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">C</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">’</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">= N*K*YV*D*D*[T(ba)*Z(b) / P(b)]*[1 / Mr]1/2<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </SPAN></font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">式中：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">N</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">——单位换算常数；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">YV</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">——气体膨胀系数；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">K</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">——威力巴的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">K</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">系数；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">D</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">——管道内径；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Tba</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">——标准状态下绝对温度；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Zb</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">——标准状态下该气体的绝压系数。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Mr</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">——气体摩尔质量；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Pb</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">——标准状态绝压，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">kPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">可见气体摩尔质量</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Mr</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">也是差压计算的重要参数。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">我公司生产的煤气实际上是一组混合气体，原设计提供的煤气介质成份及所占百分比如下：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">依此计算出煤气摩尔质量为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">25.236</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，在最大流量</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">45000 m3/h </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，工作压力</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">36 kPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">状态下，计算差压为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">208.3Pa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（其它参数均正确）。而煤气厂实际生产的煤气成份介质及所占百分比为（经检验分析而得）：</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">以此计算实际生产的煤气摩尔质量为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">24.730</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，在与上述相同状况下计算差压为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">206.2 Pa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，与原差压</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">208.3 Pa </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">相差</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2.1 Pa </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，在工艺生产状况相同的条件下，威力巴测量系统在设定两种差压参数时流量显示偏差约</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1000 m3/h</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。（注：上面差压的计算要依据威力巴相关计算软件，具体过程省略。）</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">五、最大流量和工作温度</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">最大流量是计算测量系统差压量程的重要参数。对于威力巴，在确定最大流量参数时，不应机械地设定工艺设计最大生产能力的介质流量为最大流量，而应根据实际生产状况的正常流量确定合适范围的最大流量，这样才能保证测量系统工作在良好的线性测量范围，以减少线性测量误差，即使生产状况发生变化，最大流量提高，由于威力巴具有量程比大的优点，一般只需重新计算差压，修改设定参数，就能可靠地在新工艺生产状况下测量。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在式（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）中，工作状态绝对温度</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">T(fa)=</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">工作温度</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">+273.15</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，可见工作温度也是威力巴计算差压的重要参数。我公司煤气中压原设计工作温度为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">40</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">℃，而实际生产中温度达到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">58</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">℃，因此工作温度参数也应以实际生产状态下的值为准，才能保证测量差压计算的准确。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">此外，威力巴对气体介质流量测量时，由于气体的密度受温度、压力影响比较大，在一定的温度压力范围内，密度的变化大于测量精度的要求，则必须加温、压补偿。但当温度或压力变化较大时，则必须以改变了的温度或压力值重新计算差压，否则将造成较大的测量误差。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">六、威力巴流量计使用中需要注意的相关事项</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>(1) </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在安装使用时，当管道上、下游的直管段不够长时，推荐在弯管后</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">倍管道直径处安装威力巴。因在弯管后的流体剖面较复杂，需将流体系数</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">K</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">做轻微调整，据有关资料表明调整</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">K</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">系数以后，测量精度由原来的±</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1%</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">下降到±</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">3%</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，重复精度由原来的±</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0.1%</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">下降到±</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0.3%</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>(2) </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">连续工作的威力巴从根本上杜绝了堵的可能，但在以下情况，威力巴仍需注意防堵：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">当引压管泄漏，探头高压区遭到破坏，杂质中直径较小的颗粒就有可能进入取压孔；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">当管道处于停产时，由于分子的布朗运动，颗粒小的杂质有可能进入取压孔；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">系统频繁开机时，在高压区形成的瞬间，颗粒小的杂质有可能进入取压孔，日积月累，就有可能造成探头的堵塞；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">介质中含有大量的焦油、藻类生物，或者含有纤维状的物质，也有可能造成探头的堵塞。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">七、结束语</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">利用威力巴进行流体流量测量，其差压计算所需参数必须是工艺实际生产状况下可靠的参数，否则参数不正确，计算出来的差压必定不真实，那么据此选用的再先进的测量设备也无法准确、可靠地测量。当然在实际使用过程中要保证威力巴流量计测量的准确、可靠，需要核定的参数不止上面几项，它们只不过是影响比较大的几个方面，除此之外，尽管威力巴探头采用科学、先进的防堵设计，还是需要注意正确安装与使用，这需要在长期的现场实践中探索、总结，惟有如此，流量计才能在流量测量中发挥应有的作用。</SPAN></font></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>]]></text>
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        <pubDate>2009-09-23 20:54:59</pubDate>
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        <title>称重传感器的原理及应用</title>        <link>http://www.yz17.com/jishuwenzhang/8727.html</link>
        <description><![CDATA[&nbsp;随着技术的进步,由称重传感器制作的电子衡器已广泛地应用到各行各业,实现了对物料的快速、准确的称量，特别是随着微处理机的出现，工业生产过程自动化程度化的不断提高，称重传感器已成为过程控制中的一种必需的装置]]></description>
        <text><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">随着技术的进步</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">由称重传感器制作的电子衡器已广泛地应用到各行各业</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">实现了对物料的快速、准确的称量，特别是随着微处理机的出现，工业生产过程自动化程度化的不断提高，称重传感器已成为过程控制中的一种必需的装置，从以前不能称重的大型罐、料斗等重量计测以及吊车秤、汽车秤等计测控制，到混合分配多种原料的配料系统、生产工艺中的自动检测和粉粒体进料量控制等，都应用了称重传感器，目前，称重传感器几乎运用到了所有的称重领域。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．高速定量分装系统</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">本系统由微机控制称重传感器的称重和比较，并输出控制信号，执行定值称量，控制外部给料系统的运转，实行自动称量和快速分装的任务。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">系统采用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">MCS-51</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">单片机和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">V/F</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">电压频率变换器等电子器件，其硬件电路框图如图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">所示，用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">8031</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">作为中央处理器，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">BCD</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">拔码盘作为定值设定输入器，物料装在料斗里，其重量使传感器弹性体发生变形，输出与重量成正比的电信号，传感器输出信号经放大器放大后，输入</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">V/F</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">转换器进行</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">A/D</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">转换，转换成的频率信号直接送入</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">8031</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">微处理器中，其数字量由微机进行处理。微机一方面把物重的瞬时数字量送入显示电路，显示出瞬时物重，另一方面则进行称重比较，开启和关闭加料口、放料于箱中等一系列的称重定值控制。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在整个定值分装控制系统中，称重传感器是影响电子秤测量精度的关键部件，选用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">GYL-3</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">应变式称重测力传感器。四片电阻应变片构成全桥桥路，在所加桥压</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">U</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">不变的情况下，传感器输出信号与作用在传感器上的重力和供桥桥压成正比，而且，供桥桥压</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">U</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的变化直接影响电子称的测量精度，所以要求桥压很稳定。毫伏级的传感器输出经放大后，变成了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0-10V</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的电压信号输出，送入</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">V/F</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">变换器进行</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">A/D</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">转换，其输出端输出的频率信号加到单片机</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">8031</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">定时器</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的计数、输入端</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">T1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">上。在微机内部由定时器</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">作计数定时，定时器</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的定时时间由要求的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">A/D</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">转换分辩率设定。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">定时器</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的计数值反映了测量电压大小即物料的重量。在显示的同时，计算机还根据设定值与测量值进行定值判断。测量值与给定值进行比较，取差值提供</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">PID</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">运算，当重量不足，则继续送料和显示测量值。一旦重量相等或大于给定值，控制接口输出控制信号，控制外部给料设备停止送料，显示测量终值，然后发出回答令，表示该袋装料结束，可进行下袋的装料称重。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">所示为自动称重和装料装置。每个装料的箱子或袋子沿传送带运动，直到装有料的电子称下面，传送带停止运动，电磁线圈</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">通电，电子称料斗翻转，使料全部倒入箱子或袋子中，当料倒完，传送带马达再次通电，将装满料的箱子或袋子移出，并保护传送带继续运行，直到下一次空袋或空箱切断光电传感器的光源，与此同时，电子称料箱复位，电磁线圈</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">通电，漏斗给电子秤自动加料，重量由微机控制，当电子秤中的料与给定值相等时，电磁线圈</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">断电，弹簧力使漏斗门关上。装料系统开始下一个装料的循环。当漏斗中的料和传送带上的箱子足够多时，这个过程可以持续不断地进行下去。必要时，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">*</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">作人员可以随时停止传送带，通过拔码盘输入不同的给定值，然后再启动，即可改变箱或袋中的重量。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">本系统选用不同的传感器，改变称重范围，则可以用到水泥、食糖、面粉加工等行业的自动包装中。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．传感器在商用电子秤中的应用</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">目前，商用电子计价秤的使用非常普及，逐渐会取代传统的杆称和机械案秤。电子计价秤在秤台结构上有一个显著的特点：一个相当大的秤台，只在中间装置一个专门设计的传感器来承担物料的全部重</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">量，如图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">所示。常用的电子计价秤传感器的结构如图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">所示，其中图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">a</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）为双连椭圆孔弹性体，秤盘用悬臂梁端部上平面的两个螺孔紧固；图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">b</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）为梅花型四连孔弹性体，秤盘用悬臂梁端部侧面的三个螺孔坚固，中间支杆上粘贴补偿用的应变片。这两种形式的传感器，在计价秤中用得最多。图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">c</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）为三梁式弯曲弹性体，采样弯曲应力，对重量反应敏感，宜用来制作小称量计价秤。图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">d</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）为三梁式剪切弹性体，采样中间敏感梁的剪切应力，宜用来制作几百公斤称量范围计价秤。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">用这些复梁型高精度传感器来支承一个大的称重平台，被称重物又可能放置在任何称台的任意位置上，必然会产生四角示值误差，对图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">a</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">），（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">b</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）两种结构形式的传感器，可通过锉磨的形式进行角差修正。对图</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4(c)</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">(d)</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，它有上下两根局部削弱的柔性辅助梁，使传感器对侧向力、横向力和扭转力矩具有很强的抵抗能力，可以通过锉磨辅助梁的柔性部位来调整传感器的灵敏系数和四角误差。</SPAN></font></p>
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        <pubDate>2009-09-23 20:51:52</pubDate>
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        <title>仪表防爆的基本原理</title>        <link>http://www.yz17.com/jishuwenzhang/8726.html</link>
        <description><![CDATA[&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;防止爆炸，就是要避免爆炸发生的三个条件同时存在。由于氧气（空气）无处不在，难以控制。因此，控制易爆气体和引爆源为两种最常见的防爆原理。而在仪表行业中还有另外一种防爆原理：控制爆炸范围。&nbsp;
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仪]]></description>
        <text><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp; 防止爆炸，就是要避免爆炸发生的三个条件同时存在。由于氧气（空气）无处不在，难以控制。因此，控制易爆气体和引爆源为两种最常见的防爆原理。而在仪表行业中还有另外一种防爆原理：控制爆炸范围。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">仪表中常见的三种防爆原理：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.5"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">控制易爆气体</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">人为地在危险场所（我们把同时具备发生爆炸所需的三个条件的工业现场称着危险场所）营造出一个没有易爆气体的空间，将仪表安装在其中</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">典型代表为正压型防爆方法</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Exp</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。工作原理是：在一个密封的箱体内，充满不含易爆气体的洁净气体或惰性气体，并保持箱内气压略高于箱外气压，将仪表安装在箱内。常用于再线分析仪表的防爆和将计算机、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">PLC</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、操作站或其它仪表置于现场的正压型防爆仪表柜。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.5"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">控制爆炸范围　人为地将爆炸限制在一个有限的局部范围内，使该范围内的爆炸不致于引起更大范围的爆炸。典型代表为隔爆型防爆方法</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Exd</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。工作原理是：为仪表设计一个足够坚固的壳体，按标准严格地设计、制造和安装所有的界面，使在壳体内发生的爆炸不致于引发壳体外危险性气体（易爆气体）的爆炸。隔爆防爆方法的设计与制造规范极其严格而且安装、接线和维修的操作规程也非常严格。该方法决定了隔爆的电气设备、仪表往往非常笨重，操作须断电等，但许多情况下也是最有效的办法。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">控制引爆源　人为地消除引爆源，既消除足以引爆的火花，又消除足以引爆的表面温升，典型代表为本质安全型防爆方法</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Exi</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。工作原理是：利用安全栅技术，将提供给现场仪表的电能量限制在既不能产生足以引爆的火花，又不能产生足以引爆的仪表表面温升的安全范围内。按照国际标准和我国的国家标准，当安全栅安全区一侧所接设备发生任何故障（不超过</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">250V</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">电压）时，本质安全防爆方法确保危险现场的防爆安全。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Ex ia</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">级本质安全设备在正常工作、发生一个故障、发生二个故障时均不会使爆炸性气体混合物发生爆炸。因此该方法是最安全可靠的防爆方法。</SPAN></font></p>]]></text>
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        <pubDate>2009-09-23 20:51:18</pubDate>
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        <title>电子天平操作前的注意事项</title>        <link>http://www.yz17.com/jishuwenzhang/8725.html</link>
        <description><![CDATA[电子天平操作前的注意事项(1)电子天平选择的电压档，应与使用处的外接电源电压相符。(2)电子天平应处于水平状态。(3)电子天平应按说明书的要求进行预热。(4)称量易挥发和具有腐蚀性的物品时，要盛放在密闭的容器内，]]></description>
        <text><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=3>电子天平操作前的注意事项</font></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><br /><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>(1)</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=3>电子天平选择的电压档，应与使用处的外接电源电压相符。</font></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><br /><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>(2)</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=3>电子天平应处于水平状态。</font></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><br /><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>(3)</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=3>电子天平应按说明书的要求进行预热。</font></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><br /><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>(4)</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=3>称量易挥发和具有腐蚀性的物品时，要盛放在密闭的容器内，以免腐蚀和损坏电子天平。</font></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><br /><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>(5)</font></SPAN><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">天平室内温湿度应恒定，温度应在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">20"C</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，湿度亦在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">50</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">％左右。</SPAN></font><SPAN lang=EN-US><br /><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>(6)</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=3>对天平进行校正，使其达到最佳状态。</font></SPAN></p>]]></text>
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        <pubDate>2009-09-23 18:22:04</pubDate>
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        <title>PH电极使用时的准备</title>        <link>http://www.yz17.com/jishuwenzhang/8724.html</link>
        <description><![CDATA[
PH电极使用时的准备：1、拔掉电极上的运输保护盖。2、用蒸馏水冲洗电极以清除沉积盐。3、像甩动医用体温计一样甩动电极以排除气泡。4、将电极浸泡于3MKCL溶液2小时以活化电极。5、将电极与测试仪连接。]]></description>
        <text><![CDATA[<br />
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">PH</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">电极使用时的准备：</SPAN></font><SPAN lang=EN-US><br /><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=3>、拔掉电极上的运输保护盖。</font></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><br /><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=3>、用蒸馏水冲洗电极以清除沉积盐。</font></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><br /><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>3</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=3>、像甩动医用体温计一样甩动电极以排除气泡。</font></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><br /><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>4</font></SPAN><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、将电极浸泡于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">3MKCL</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">溶液</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">小时以活化电极。</SPAN></font><SPAN lang=EN-US><br /><font face="Times New Roman" size=3>5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=3>、将电极与测试仪连接。</font></SPAN></p>]]></text>
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        <pubDate>2009-09-21 17:46:57</pubDate>
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        <title>全球流量计市场竞争激烈</title>        <link>http://www.yz17.com/jishuwenzhang/8723.html</link>
        <description><![CDATA[2008年全球流量计的市场规模达到28.3亿美元，较2007年增长约3.9%。据预测，到2013年，全球流量计市场规模将达到34.8亿美元。2008~2013年的年均复合增长率会达到4.2%。全球流量计市场生产商众多，竞争异常激烈。生产商]]></description>
        <text><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.5"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2008</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年全球流量计的市场规模达到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">28.3</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">亿美元，较</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2007</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年增长约</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">3.9%</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。据预测，到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2013</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年，全球流量计市场规模将达到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">34.8</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">亿美元。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2008~2013</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年的年均复合增长率会达到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">4.2%</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。全球流量计市场生产商众多，竞争异常激烈。生产商之间的价格竞争再所难免。这一现象在新兴经济体，尤其中国，很普遍。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.5"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">价格往往成为决定采购行为的最主要决定因素。在全球，流量计的主要生产商包括阿西布朗勃法瑞（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">ABB</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">），艾默生（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Emerson</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">），恩德斯豪斯（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Endress Hauser</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">或</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">E+H</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">），科隆（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Krohne</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">），西门子（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Siemens</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">），横河（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Yokogawa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">），以及通用电气（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">General Electric</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">），霍尼韦尔（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Honeywell</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">），英维思（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Invensys</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">），和山武（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Yamatake</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）。流量计市场集中度相对较高，前三名厂商，艾默生，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">E</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">＋</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">H</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">ABB</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">占整个市场将近</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">50</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">％的市场份额。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 36.75pt; mso-char-indent-count: 3.5"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">传统的机械式流量计，如：差压式流量计，容积式流量计，和变面积式流量计，已经处于普及化阶段，价格竞争激烈，利润空间日益减少，技术革新较少，市场相对成熟。弗若斯特沙利文</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">(Frost & Sullivan)</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">咨询公司认为，实现产品的差异化和定制化生产是生产商在成熟市场的激烈竞争中的一个重要突破点。根据弗若斯特沙利文对行业用户的需求进行分析，用户群体希望生产商能够提供为生产过程带来切实利益的自动化设备。用户在产品应用过程中会产生具体的需求，例如：应用在石化行业的特殊环境中，需要坚固耐用的设计以及防爆认证；用户对直管设计的科氏流量计的需求等。如何有效获取用户实际需求，并且对传统产品进行改良，是对生产商差异化和定制化生产过程的一个不小挑战。引导用户接受并使用新技术流量计，如超声波流量计，电磁流量计，和热质量流量计等，是生产商把市场做大做强的又一个挑战。实际上，以上提到的新技术流量计在十多年前就已经开发应用，如何使客户认识到运用新技术流量计能切实有效地提高生产效益是生产商的一个重要课题。</SPAN></font></p>]]></text>
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        <author><![CDATA[liaofang]]></author>
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        <pubDate>2009-09-19 18:50:16</pubDate>
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        <title>三大策略发展我国传感器产业</title>        <link>http://www.yz17.com/jishuwenzhang/8722.html</link>
        <description><![CDATA[产品策略&nbsp;
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;在我国现有的温敏、压敏等敏感元件产业化基础上，应加快实施拥有自主产权的压力、温度、加速度等传感器的产业化建设，形成批量产品进入国内外市场。同时开展高稳定性湿度和气体传感器、高精度压力传感]]></description>
        <text><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">产品策略</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></font></SPAN></B></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在我国现有的温敏、压敏等敏感元件产业化基础上，应加快实施拥有自主产权的压力、温度、加速度等传感器的产业化建设，形成批量产品进入国内外市场。同时开展高稳定性湿度和气体传感器、高精度压力传感器等国产化技术攻关，掌握核心技术，加快科研成果的转化，加快新型传感器的产业化，加强传感器应用技术开发，尽快使更多的国产化传感器进入国内外市场。今后，应在以上产品和技术方面深入地开展产业化的工作，加强敏感材料的研究和攻关，深入研究批量生产技术、测试技术和可靠性技术，加强技术创新，优化产品结构，提升企业产品的技术竞争力。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font size=3>&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN></SPAN></B></font><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">营销渠道策略</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></font></SPAN></B></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">我国传感器产业市场目前依然处于发展的初级阶段，不仅要树立企业自有的优势产品品牌，为客户提供优质的技术，同时确定正确的渠道策略也非常重要。重视产品的质量和性能水平是对的，但是，营销渠道的合理制定也是提升企业竞争力的关键因素。传感器产业的营销渠道策略应该强调企业以专业化高水平服务和用户建立长期、密切的关系，注重大用户的开发，同时，使销售渠道向扁平化结构发展，建立营销网络，缩短销售距离，并且要提高代理商或经销商服务和技术支持能力，扭转中间环节因低技术支持能力而影响产品市场扩展的状况。传感器市场空间将扩展，供需关系将呈现多元化的公平竞争态势，“网上订货”交易将是另一种新型销售渠道。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></SPAN></font></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font size=3>&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN></SPAN></B></font><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">应用市场策略</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></font></SPAN></B></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">应用市场策略应该强化企业灵活多变的市场服务功能，产品不仅要满足用户需求，而且要进一步通过新型产品和技术引导其他领域的技术进步，提高企业服务竞争力。传感器技术已经从传统的物性型向功能技术复合型、微型化、多功能、数字化、智能化、系统化、网络化发展，应用领域也从上世纪</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">90</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年代的高技术和军事领域、为传统基础工业改造、大型工程系统配套，迅速转移到为汽车电子配套及家电控制系统、医疗卫生、健康保健、环保监测治理等国民经济的各个领域。传感器产业要实现跨越式发展，必须树立创新意识，大力加强新型传感器的开发，紧密结合我国国情和市场发展需求，努力开发新的技术含量高、拥有自主知识产权的新型传感器，提高产品的性价比，加快科研成果的转化，加快新型传感器的产业化，迅速提高国产传感器的市场占有率，以更快的速度缩小与发达国家的差距。</SPAN></font></p>
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        <image><![CDATA[]]></image>
        <author><![CDATA[liaofang]]></author>
        <source><![CDATA[]]></source>
        <pubDate>2009-09-19 18:49:18</pubDate>
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        <title>什么是ＰＩＤ调节及ＰＩＤ调节的基本原理</title>        <link>http://www.yz17.com/jishuwenzhang/8721.html</link>
        <description><![CDATA[目前工业自动化水平已成为衡量各行各业现代化水平的一个重要标志。同时，控制理论的发展也经历了古典控制理论、现代控制理论和智能控制理论三个阶段。智能控制的典型实例是模糊全自动洗衣机等。自动控制系统可分为开]]></description>
        <text><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">目前工业自动化水平已成为衡量各行各业现代化水平的一个重要标志。同时，控制理论的发展也经历了古典控制理论、现代控制理论和智能控制理论三个阶段。智能控制的典型实例是模糊全自动洗衣机等。自动控制系统可分为开环控制系统和闭环控制系统。一个控制系统包括控制器﹑传感器﹑变送器﹑执行机构﹑输入输出接口。控制器的输出经过输出接口﹑执行机构﹐加到被控系统上﹔控制系统的被控量﹐经过传感器﹐变送器﹐通过输入接口送到控制器。不同的控制系统﹐其传感器﹑变送器﹑执行机构是不一样的。比如压力控制系统要采用压力传感器。电加热控制系统的传感器是温度传感器。目前，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">PID</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">控制及其控制器或智能</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">PID</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">控制器（仪表）已经很多，产品已在工程实际中得到了广泛的应用，有各种各样的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">PID</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">控制器产品，各大公司均开发了具有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">PID</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">参数自整定功能的智能调节器</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">(intelligent regulator)</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，其中</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">PID</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">控制器参数的自动调整是通过智能化调整或自校正、自适应算法来实现。有利用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">PID</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">控制实现的压力、温度、流量、液位控制器，能实现</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">PID</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">控制功能的可编程控制器</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">(PLC)</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，还有可实现</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">PID</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">控制的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">PC</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">系统等等。</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">可编程控制器</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">(PLC) </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">是利用其闭环控制模块来实现</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">PID</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">控制，而可编程控制器</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">(PLC)</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">可以直接与</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">ControlNet</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">相连，如</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Rockwell</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">PLC-5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">等。还有可以实现</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">PID</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">控制功能的控制器，如</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Rockwell </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Logix</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">产品系列，它可以直接与</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">ControlNet</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">相连，利用网络来实现其远程控制功能。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、开环控制系统</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">开环控制系统</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">(open-loop control system)</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">是指被控对象的输出</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">被控制量</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">对控制器</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">(controller)</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的输出没有影响。在这种控制系统中，不依赖将被控量反送回来以形成任何闭环回路。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>2</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、闭环控制系统</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">闭环控制系统</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">(closed-loop control system)</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的特点是系统被控对象的输出</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">被控制量</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">会反送回来影响控制器的输出，形成一个或多个闭环。闭环控制系统有正反馈和负反馈，若反馈信号与系统给定值信号相反，则称为负反馈</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">( Negative Feedback)</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，若极性相同，则称为正反馈，一般闭环控制系统均采用负反馈，又称负反馈控制系统。闭环控制系统的例子很多。比如人就是一个具有负反馈的闭环控制系统，眼睛便是传感器，充当反馈，人体系统能通过不断的修正最后作出各种正确的动作。如果没有眼睛，就没有了反馈回路，也就成了一个开环控制系统。另例，当一台真正的全自动洗衣机具有能连续检查衣物是否洗净，并在洗净之后能自动切断电源，它就是一个闭环控制系统。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>3</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、阶跃响应</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">阶跃响应是指将一个阶跃输入（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">step function</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）加到系统上时，系统的输出。稳态误差是指系统的响应进入稳态后﹐系统的期望输出与实际输出之差。控制系统的性能可以用稳、准、快三个字来描述。稳是指系统的稳定性</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">(stability)</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，一个系统要能正常工作，首先必须是稳定的，从阶跃响应上看应该是收敛的﹔准是指控制系统的准确性、控制精度，通常用稳态误差来</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">(Steady-state error)</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">描述，它表示系统输出稳态值与期望值之差﹔快是指控制系统响应的快速性，通常用上升时间来定量描述。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">PID</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">控制的原理和特点</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在工程实际中，应用最为广泛的调节器控制规律为比例、积分、微分控制，简称</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">PID</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">控制，又称</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">PID</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">调节。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">PID</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">控制器问世至今已有近</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">70</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年历史，它以其结构简单、稳定性好、工作可靠、调整方便而成为工业控制的主要技术之一。当被控对象的结构和参数不能完全掌握，或得不到精确的数学模型时，控制理论的其它技术难以采用时，系统控制器的结构和参数必须依靠经验和现场调试来确定，这时应用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">PID</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">控制技术最为方便。即当我们不完全了解一个系统和被控对象﹐或不能通过有效的测量手段来获得系统参数时，最适合用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">PID</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">控制技术。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">PID</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">控制，实际中也有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">PI</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">PD</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">控制。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">PID</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">控制器就是根据系统的误差，利用比例、积分、微分计算出控制量进行控制的。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">比例（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">P</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）控制</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">比例控制是一种最简单的控制方式。其控制器的输出与输入误差信号成比例关系。当仅有比例控制时系统输出存在稳态误差（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">Steady-state error</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">积分（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">I</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）控制</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在积分控制中，控制器的输出与输入误差信号的积分成正比关系。对一个自动控制系统，如果在进入稳态后存在稳态误差，则称这个控制系统是有稳态误差的或简称有差系统（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">System with Steady-state Error</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）。为了消除稳态误差，在控制器中必须引入“积分项”。积分项对误差取决于时间的积分，随着时间的增加，积分项会增大。这样，即便误差很小，积分项也会随着时间的增加而加大，它推动控制器的输出增大使稳态误差进一步减小，直到等于零。因此，比例</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">+</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">积分</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">(PI)</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">控制器，可以使系统在进入稳态后无稳态误差。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">微分（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">D</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）控制</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在微分控制中，控制器的输出与输入误差信号的微分（即误差的变化率）成正比关系。</SPAN><font face="Times New Roman"> </font><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">自动控制系统在克服误差的调节过程中可能会出现振荡甚至失稳。其原因是由于存在有较大惯性组件（环节）或有滞后</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">(delay)</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">组件，具有抑制误差的作用，其变化总是落后于误差的变化。解决的办法是使抑制误差的作用的变化“超前”，即在误差接近零时，抑制误差的作用就应该是零。这就是说，在控制器中仅引入“比例”项往往是不够的，比例项的作用仅是放大误差的幅值，而目前需要增加的是“微分项”，它能预测误差变化的趋势，这样，具有比例</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">+</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">微分的控制器，就能够提前使抑制误差的控制作用等于零，甚至为负值，从而避免了被控量的严重超调。所以对有较大惯性或滞后的被控对象，比例</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">+</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">微分</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">(PD)</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">控制器能改善系统在调节过程中的动态特性。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">PID</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">控制器的参数整定</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">PID</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">控制器的参数整定是控制系统设计的核心内容。它是根据被控过程的特性确定</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">PID</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">控制器的比例系数、积分时间和微分时间的大小。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">PID</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">控制器参数整定的方法很多，概括起来有两大类：一是理论计算整定法。它主要是依据系统的数学模型，经过理论计算确定控制器参数。这种方法所得到的计算数据未必可以直接用，还必须通过工程实际进行调整和修改。二是工程整定方法，它主要依赖工程经验，直接在控制系统的试验中进行，且方法简单、易于掌握，在工程实际中被广泛采用。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">PID</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">控制器参数的工程整定方法，主要有临界比例法、反应曲线法和衰减法。三种方法各有其特点，其共同点都是通过试验，然后按照工程经验公式对控制器参数进行整定。但无论采用哪一种方法所得到的控制器参数，都需要在实际运行中进行最后调整与完善。现在一般采用的是临界比例法。利用该方法进行</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"> PID</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">控制器参数的整定步骤如下：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">(1)</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">首先预选择一个足够短的采样周期让系统工作﹔</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">(2)</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">仅加入比例控制环节，直到系统对输入的阶跃响应出现临界振荡，记下这时的比例放大系数和临界振荡周期﹔</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">(3)</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在一定的控制度下通过公式计算得到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">PID</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">控制器的参数。</SPAN></font></p>]]></text>
        <image><![CDATA[]]></image>
        <author><![CDATA[liaofang]]></author>
        <source><![CDATA[]]></source>
        <pubDate>2009-09-19 18:48:32</pubDate>
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        <title>YK-31SA 盐度计的校准说明</title>        <link>http://www.yz17.com/jishuwenzhang/8720.html</link>
        <description><![CDATA[YK-31SA&nbsp;盐度计的校准说明
1.首先准备好一份7%的盐溶液。
93%的水+7%的盐
2.打开仪器旁边的盖子，露出两个孔，上面孔位：VR3&nbsp;&nbsp;下面孔位为：VR2
VR3是用于调整的。&nbsp;&nbsp;VR2&nbsp;切记不要动。
3.探头头部浸入到超过7％的]]></description>
        <text><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">YK-31SA </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">盐度计的校准说明</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1.</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">首先准备好一份</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">7%</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的盐溶液。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">93%</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的水</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">+7%</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的盐</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2.</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">打开仪器旁边的盖子，露出两个孔，上面孔位：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">VR3<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </SPAN></font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">下面孔位为：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">VR2</font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">VR3</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">是用于调整的。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp; </SPAN>VR2 </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">切记不要动。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">3.</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">探头头部浸入到超过</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">7</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">％的盐溶液，要等几分钟到读数稳定，然后调整</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">VR3</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">直到读数反映</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">7.15</font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">备注：为什么是调到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">7.15</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">而不是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">7.00</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，是因为如果调成</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">7.00 </font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">就没在那个精度范围内。</SPAN></font></p>]]></text>
        <image><![CDATA[]]></image>
        <author><![CDATA[]]></author>
        <source><![CDATA[]]></source>
        <pubDate>2009-09-18 17:48:41</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
        <title>一般压力表检定中精密压力表的选择</title>        <link>http://www.yz17.com/jishuwenzhang/8719.html</link>
        <description><![CDATA[最近在对计量标准器的考核中我们发现:一些企业和县(市)的计量检定人员在检定弹簧管式一般压力表、真空表和压力真空表中，不管是检定1.6级还是2.5级压力表，都选用比被检表量程大一个规格的0.4级或0.25级精密压力表作]]></description>
        <text><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">最近在对计量标准器的考核中我们发现</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">:</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一些企业和县</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">市</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的计量检定人员在检定弹簧管式一般压力表、真空表和压力真空表中，不管是检定</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1.6</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">级还是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2.5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">级压力表，都选用比被检表量程大一个规格的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0.4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">级或</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0.25</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">级精密压力表作为标准器。不能正确处理</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">JJG52-1999</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《弹簧管式一般压力表、真空表和压力真空表》检定规程中规定的“标准器的允许误差的绝对值应不大于被检表允许误差绝对值的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1/4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">”，与一些计量参考书中介绍的“使用弹簧管压力表时不应超过测量上限的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">3/4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">”之间的关系，下面就一般压力表检定中精密压力表的选择提出几点建议</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">:</font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一、检定</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2.5</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">级以下压力表时，选择比被检表量程大一个规格的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0.4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">级精密压力表作为标准器，如检</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1.0MPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">表，可直接选用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1.6MPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的标准表，依此类推。通过计算，全系列都可以满足上述</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1/4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">3/4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的要求。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">二、检定</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1.6</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">级压力表时，对仅有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0.4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">级精密压力表的计量检定机构，应选择与被检表同量程的标准表。这样只满足了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">JJG52-1999</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">对标准器和被检表允许误差的要求，不满足一些力学计量参考书关于弹簧管压力表“在固定的或均匀变化负荷下，应在仪表测量上限的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1/3</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">～</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">3/4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">范围内使用”这一要求。其目的是为了延长弹簧管压力表的使用寿命和保证测量准确度，并不是硬性要求，可以不予考虑。但为了保证量值传递的准确可靠，在检定工作中一是不要用同一块标准表长时间检定同一量限的被检表，可以采用不同量限的表交替检定，或用同一块标准表时适当延长检定两块被检表之间的时间间隔；二是应适当缩短标准表的检定周期，在标准器更新时更换为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0.25</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">级精密压力表。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">三、检定</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1.6</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">级压力表时，有条件的检定机构应选择比被检表测量上限大一个规格的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0.25</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">级精密压力表为标准器。这样，只有用测量上限</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1.0</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">×</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">10nMPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的标准表检定量程</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0.6</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">×</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">10nMPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">被检表量程</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">(90</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">～</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">100)%</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">以外的其余部分时不满足</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">JJG52-1999</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的要求。例如，量程</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1.0MPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0.25</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">级标准表允许误差为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">:</font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"><font size=1><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>1.0MPa×(±0.25%)=±0.0025MPa</font></font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">量程</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0.6MPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1.6</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">级被检表量程的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">(90</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">～</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">100)%</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">部分允许误差在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">JJG52-1999</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">表</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中规定比被检表的准确度等级低一级，即</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1.6</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">级表允许误差按±</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">2.5%</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">计算，所以，这部分允许误差为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">:</font></SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"><font size=1><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>0.6MPa×(±0.25%)=±0.015MPa</font></font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">其绝对值的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1/4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0.00375MPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0.0025MPa<0.00375MPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，完全满足要求。而其余部分按±</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1.6%</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">计算，其值为</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman"><font size=1><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN>0.6MPa×(±1.6%)=±0.0096MPa</font></font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">其绝对值的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1/4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0.0024MPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0.0025MPa>0.0024MPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，不能满足规程中“标准器的允许误差的绝对值应不大于被检表允许误差绝对值的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1/4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">”的要求。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">对这一特殊情况的处理，一是送检</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0.25</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">级精密压力表时要求上级检定机构给出</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1.0</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">×</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">10nMPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">系列表的检定数据，在检定</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0.6</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">×</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">10nMPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">系列</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1.6</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">级一般表时引入修正值。这样，既满足了前面所述的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1/4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">3/4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的要求，又为计量标准器稳定性考核提供了计算依据。二是参照</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">JJG49-1999</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《弹簧管式精密压力表和真空表》中</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">5.2.1.1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">注“检定</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0.16(0.06)</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">级精密压力表可选用相应测量范围的二</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">等标准压力计”的方法，直接用测量上限</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1.0</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">×</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">10nMPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的标准表检定量程</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0.6</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">×</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">10nMPa</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">被检表。由于两个规程对标准器允许误差的要求完全不同，虽然用二</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">等标准压力计检定</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">0.16(0.06)</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">级精密压力表不满足标准器与被检表允许误差</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1/4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的关系，但</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">JJG49-1999</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">用加注的方法予以解决，所以检定一般压力表时可以参照执行。而且，这样处理也符合</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">JJF1094-2002</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《测量仪器特性评定》规范</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">5.3.1.4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">测量仪器示值符合性评定的基本要求“评定示值误差的不确定度</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">U95</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">与被评定测量仪器的最大允许误差的绝对值</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">MPEV</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">之比，应小于或等于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">∶</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，即</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">U95</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">≤</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">(1/3)</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">×</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">MPEV</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，被评定测量仪器的示值误差Δ在其最大允许误差限内时，可判为合格，即</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">|</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">Δ</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">|</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">≤</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">MPEV</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">为合格。”</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">综上所述，选弹簧管精密压力表作为检定一般压力表的标准器时，首先应满足</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">JJG52-1999</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">规定的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1/4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的关系，若不满足其要求则必须满足</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">JJF1094-2002</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">规定的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1/3</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的关系，最后再考虑计量参考书中</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">3/4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的关系。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>]]></text>
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        <author><![CDATA[liaofang]]></author>
        <source><![CDATA[]]></source>
        <pubDate>2009-09-16 20:33:55</pubDate>
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        <title>气体流量的测量介绍</title>        <link>http://www.yz17.com/jishuwenzhang/8718.html</link>
        <description><![CDATA[需要测量流量的气体种类繁多，本节讨论其中最常见的空气、城市煤气、天然气和组分变化的气体。可用来测量气体流量的仪表种类繁多，本节结合四种典型气体重点讨论差压式（含均速管）、涡街式、旋进涡街式、超声式、气]]></description>
        <text><![CDATA[<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.5"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>需要测量流量的气体种类繁多，本节讨论其中最常见的空气、城市煤气、天然气和组分变化的气体。可用来测量气体流量的仪表种类繁多，本节结合四种典型气体重点讨论差压式（含均速管）、涡街式、旋进涡街式、超声式、气体涡轮、气体腰轮式流量计的应用。</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">3.2.1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">压缩空气流量测量</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>压缩空气是企事业单位重要的二次能源，大多由电能或热能经压缩机转化而来。当空气压力值要求较低时，则由鼓风机产生。对由大量能源转化而来的工质进行管理，以收到节约能源和提高设备管理水平的效果，是压缩空气流量计量的主要目的。</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>在化工等生产过程中，有一种重要的工艺过程氧化反应，它是以空气作原料，和另外某种原料在规定的条件下进行化学反应。空气质量流量过大和过小，都会对安全生产、产品质量和贵重原料的消耗产生关键影响。在这种情况下，空气流量测量精确度要求特别高，多半还配有自动调节。</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><font face="Times New Roman" size=1>&nbsp;</font></o:p></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>锅炉和各种工业炉窖中的燃烧过程，其本质也是氧化反应，对助燃空气流量的测量，虽然准确度要求不像化工生产中的氧化反应那样高，但对环境保护和经济燃烧、节约燃料也有重要意义。</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）空气流量测量的特点</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font size=1>①振动大。并非每一台空气流量计都安装在振动大的场所。但是安装在压缩厂房和鼓风机房的空气流量计都得考虑振动问题。这种振动主要来自压缩机和鼓风机，机器的振动通过空气管道或风管可以传到很远的地方。其中振动最大的要数往复式压缩机，大型往复式压缩机运行时产生的振动往往带动厂房和周围地面一起振动，对相关空气流量计的准确而可靠的运行带来威胁。它引发杠杆式差压变送器支点移动而使仪表产生示值漂移。振动导致涡街流量传感器产生同振动频率相对应的干扰信号，引起流量示值大幅度偏高。</font></SPAN></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">②气体带水。压缩空气取自大气，而大气中总是含有一定数量的水蒸气。水蒸气的含量用水蒸汽分压</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">ps</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">表示。大气中的水蒸气饱和分压是大气温度的函数（见表</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">3.4</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）。在雨天和雾天，室外大气中的水蒸气分压达到饱和程度，即相对湿度达到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><font face="Times New Roman">100</font></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">％，这时将大气压缩就如同压迫吸足水的海绵，随着体积的缩小，就有相应数量的水析出。这是压缩空气所以带水的简单原理。在晴好的天气，大气相对湿度较低，但随着其被压缩，体积缩小到原来的几分之一后，水蒸气分压会相应升高，也有可能进入饱和状态而析出水滴。</SPAN></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><font si